NUR 355 Pathophysiology Exam 1 Questions and Answers| New Update with
100% Correct Answers
Disorders of musculoskeletal function objective 1:
State the function of parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin D in terms of bone
formation and metabolism Parathyroid Hormone: increases bone uptake, decreases bone
growth, increases intestinal calcium (through vit D) & phosphate uptake, promptly increases
serum calcium levels, prevents increase in serum phosphate levels, decreases renal excretion of
calcium, increases renal excretion of phosphate
Calcitonin: increases renal excretion of calcium & phosphate, decreases bone uptake, decreases
serum levels of calcium & phosphate with pharmacological doses, uncertain effect on bone
formation, (no effect on intestinal absorption of calcium/phosphate)
Vitamin D: increases intestinal uptake of calcium/phosphate, renal excretion of
calcium/phosphate, bone uptake/growth, (no effect on serum calcium/phosphate levels)
Disorders of musculoskeletal function objective 2:
Describe how fractures are classified - position of bone ends (displaced/nondisplaced)
- completeness of break (complete/incomplete)
- orientation of break (transverse/linear/oblique nondisplaced/oblique displaced, spiral)
- penetration of break (open/closed)
- loose bodies (segmental/comminuted)
Disorders of musculoskeletal function objective 3:
Describe the fracture healing process Phases of Bone Healing:
1. Hematoma formation & inflammation (week 1, RBCs & WBCs)
,2. Fibrocartilaginous (soft) callus formation (weeks 2-3, osteoclasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts,
fibroblasts, new blood vessels, cannot weightbear)
3. Bony callus formation (weeks 4-16, osteoclasts)
4. Remodeling (week 17+, osteoclasts, compact bone replaces spongy bone
Disorders of musculoskeletal function objective 4:
Differentiate among osteomyelitis due to spread from a contaminated wound, hematogenous
osteomyelitis, and osteomyelitis due to vascular insufficiency in terms of etiologies,
manifestations, and treatment Osteomyelitis from a wound infection: most common, direct
penetration/contamination of open wound, fever, poor healing, joint infection, drainage,
prevented by antibiotics, imaging, surgery, & removal of infected joint
Hematogenous osteomyelitis: through the bloodstream, mostly in children/debilitated
adults/IV drug users, x-rays appear normally at first, treated by antimicrobial
agents/debridement/drainage
Vascular osteomyelitis: may develop from lesion (diabetic foot ulcers), pain is often muted by
peripheral neuropathy, treated by debridement, antibiotics, hyperbaric O2 therapy
Disorders of musculoskeletal function objective 5:
Contrast osteogenic sarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and chondrosarcoma in terms of the most
common age groups and anatomic sites that are affected. Osteogenic Sarcoma: most
common in people <20 years, affects the proximal humerus/distal femur/knee
Ewing Sarcoma: most common in people <20 years, rarely in people >30 years, affects the
femur (diaphysis)/humerus/pubis/vertebrae/ribs/skull/flat bones
Chondrosarcoma: (connective tissue), most common in middle age to elderly adults, affects
articulations (knee/shoulder/hip/pelvis)
, Disorders of musculoskeletal function objective 6:
Describe the function of the epiphyseal growth plate in skeletal growth. - Epiphyseal plate is
the site of bone growth
- Epiphysis is the end of a long bone; diaphysis is the shaft of a long bone
- Nutritional and metabolic disorders can impair the formation of the organic matrix of bone,
causing slowing of growth the epiphyseal plate.
Disorders of musculoskeletal function objective 7:
Describe risk factors that contribute to the development of osteopenia, osteoporosis,
osteomalacia/rickets, and Paget diseases and relate them to the prevention of the disorder.
Osteopenia:
- reduced bone mass
- common to metabolic bone disease
- not a disease, but a condition; a sign of a disease
- risk factors: female, asian, caucasian, small bones, family history, age over 50, menapause,
lack of exercise
Osteoporosis:
- metabolic bone disease characterized by a loss of mineralized bone mass causing increased
porosity of the skeleton and susceptibility to fractures
- risk factors: alcohol use, corticosteroid use, low calcium, low estrogen, smoking, sedentary
lifestyle (ACCESS)
Osteomalacia/Rickets:
- produce a softening of the bones but do not cause bone loss
- caused by vit D deficiency
100% Correct Answers
Disorders of musculoskeletal function objective 1:
State the function of parathyroid hormone, calcitonin, and vitamin D in terms of bone
formation and metabolism Parathyroid Hormone: increases bone uptake, decreases bone
growth, increases intestinal calcium (through vit D) & phosphate uptake, promptly increases
serum calcium levels, prevents increase in serum phosphate levels, decreases renal excretion of
calcium, increases renal excretion of phosphate
Calcitonin: increases renal excretion of calcium & phosphate, decreases bone uptake, decreases
serum levels of calcium & phosphate with pharmacological doses, uncertain effect on bone
formation, (no effect on intestinal absorption of calcium/phosphate)
Vitamin D: increases intestinal uptake of calcium/phosphate, renal excretion of
calcium/phosphate, bone uptake/growth, (no effect on serum calcium/phosphate levels)
Disorders of musculoskeletal function objective 2:
Describe how fractures are classified - position of bone ends (displaced/nondisplaced)
- completeness of break (complete/incomplete)
- orientation of break (transverse/linear/oblique nondisplaced/oblique displaced, spiral)
- penetration of break (open/closed)
- loose bodies (segmental/comminuted)
Disorders of musculoskeletal function objective 3:
Describe the fracture healing process Phases of Bone Healing:
1. Hematoma formation & inflammation (week 1, RBCs & WBCs)
,2. Fibrocartilaginous (soft) callus formation (weeks 2-3, osteoclasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts,
fibroblasts, new blood vessels, cannot weightbear)
3. Bony callus formation (weeks 4-16, osteoclasts)
4. Remodeling (week 17+, osteoclasts, compact bone replaces spongy bone
Disorders of musculoskeletal function objective 4:
Differentiate among osteomyelitis due to spread from a contaminated wound, hematogenous
osteomyelitis, and osteomyelitis due to vascular insufficiency in terms of etiologies,
manifestations, and treatment Osteomyelitis from a wound infection: most common, direct
penetration/contamination of open wound, fever, poor healing, joint infection, drainage,
prevented by antibiotics, imaging, surgery, & removal of infected joint
Hematogenous osteomyelitis: through the bloodstream, mostly in children/debilitated
adults/IV drug users, x-rays appear normally at first, treated by antimicrobial
agents/debridement/drainage
Vascular osteomyelitis: may develop from lesion (diabetic foot ulcers), pain is often muted by
peripheral neuropathy, treated by debridement, antibiotics, hyperbaric O2 therapy
Disorders of musculoskeletal function objective 5:
Contrast osteogenic sarcoma, Ewing sarcoma, and chondrosarcoma in terms of the most
common age groups and anatomic sites that are affected. Osteogenic Sarcoma: most
common in people <20 years, affects the proximal humerus/distal femur/knee
Ewing Sarcoma: most common in people <20 years, rarely in people >30 years, affects the
femur (diaphysis)/humerus/pubis/vertebrae/ribs/skull/flat bones
Chondrosarcoma: (connective tissue), most common in middle age to elderly adults, affects
articulations (knee/shoulder/hip/pelvis)
, Disorders of musculoskeletal function objective 6:
Describe the function of the epiphyseal growth plate in skeletal growth. - Epiphyseal plate is
the site of bone growth
- Epiphysis is the end of a long bone; diaphysis is the shaft of a long bone
- Nutritional and metabolic disorders can impair the formation of the organic matrix of bone,
causing slowing of growth the epiphyseal plate.
Disorders of musculoskeletal function objective 7:
Describe risk factors that contribute to the development of osteopenia, osteoporosis,
osteomalacia/rickets, and Paget diseases and relate them to the prevention of the disorder.
Osteopenia:
- reduced bone mass
- common to metabolic bone disease
- not a disease, but a condition; a sign of a disease
- risk factors: female, asian, caucasian, small bones, family history, age over 50, menapause,
lack of exercise
Osteoporosis:
- metabolic bone disease characterized by a loss of mineralized bone mass causing increased
porosity of the skeleton and susceptibility to fractures
- risk factors: alcohol use, corticosteroid use, low calcium, low estrogen, smoking, sedentary
lifestyle (ACCESS)
Osteomalacia/Rickets:
- produce a softening of the bones but do not cause bone loss
- caused by vit D deficiency
