Nur 355 exam 3 Questions and Answers| New Update with 100% Correct Answers
purpose of respiratory system Transport of oxygen from air to blood
Removal of carbon dioxide from the blood-waste product from metabolism.
Upper respiratory tract-Resident flora
Lower respiratory tract-Sterile
Pulmonary edema Fluid collecting in alveoli and interstitial area-
Can result from many primary conditions
Reduces amount of oxygen diffusing into blood
Interferes with lung expansion
May develop when-
Inflammation in lungs is present.
Increases permeability of capillaries
Plasma protein levels are low.
Decreases osmotic pressure of plasma
Pulmonary hypertension develops
Signs and symptoms of pulmonary edema Mild pulmonary edema-
Cough
Orthopnea
Rales
With increased congestion-
hemoptysis often occurs
Pink, frothy sputum
breathing becomes labored; feels like "drowning"
hypoxemia worsens
cyanosis develops in the advanced stage
,pulmonary embolus Blood clot or mass that obstructs pulmonary artery or any of its
branches
Effect of embolus depends on material, size, and location.
Small pulmonary emboli might be "silent" unless they involve a large area of lung.
Large emboli may cause sudden death.
90% of pulmonary emboli originate from deep vein thromboses in legs and are preventable.
signs and symptoms of pulmonary embolus Small emboli-
Transient chest pain
Cough
Dyspnea may occur
Larger emboli-
Chest pain
Tachypnea
Dyspnea develops suddenly.
Later, hemoptysis and fever are present.
Hypoxia stimulates a sympathetic response, with anxiety and restlessness, pallor, and
tachycardia.
massive- Severe crushing chest pain
Low blood pressure
Rapid weak pulse
Loss of consciousness
treatment of pulmonary embolism PE Assessment of risk factors
Surgically Inserted filter into vena cava (some cases)
Heparin or streptokinase
Mechanical ventilation
,Embolectomy
Lung expansion disorders Atelectasis
Pleural effusion
Pneumothorax
Flail chest
Infant respiratory distress syndrome
Acute respiratory failure
Atelectasis Nonaeration or collapse of lung or part of a lung (incensive spirometer)
Leads to decreased gas exchange and hypoxia
Alveoli become airless.
Collapse and inflammation or atrophy occur.
Process interferes with blood flow through the lung.
Both ventilation and perfusion are altered.
Affects oxygen diffusion
mechanisms that cause atelactasis Obstructive atelectasis-
Caused by total obstruction of airway - tumor or mucous
Compression atelectasis-
Tumor, fluid, or air in pleural space exerts pressure on lung.
Increased surface tension in alveoli-
Prevents expansion of lung - ex. pulmonary edema
Fibrotic tissue in lungs or pleura-
May restrict expansion and lead to collapse - ex. cystic fibrosis
Postoperative atelectasis-
Can occur after surgery
, signs and symptoms of atelectasis Small areas are asymptomatic.
Large areas
Dyspnea, cough
Increased heart and respiratory rates
Fever
treatment of atelectasis Result of surgery
Deep breathing exercises
Changing body positions
Forced coughing
Caused by external pressure
Removal of fluid, tissue or tumor causing the pressure on the lungs
Caused by blockage
Chest clapping or percussion
Postural drainage
Medications to open airways and loosen mucus
Pleural effusion Presence of excessive fluid in the pleural cavity
Causes increased pressure in pleural cavity
Separation of pleural membranes
Exudative effusions
Response to inflammation
Transudate effusions
Watery effusions (hydrothorax)
Result of increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased osmotic pressure in blood vessels
purpose of respiratory system Transport of oxygen from air to blood
Removal of carbon dioxide from the blood-waste product from metabolism.
Upper respiratory tract-Resident flora
Lower respiratory tract-Sterile
Pulmonary edema Fluid collecting in alveoli and interstitial area-
Can result from many primary conditions
Reduces amount of oxygen diffusing into blood
Interferes with lung expansion
May develop when-
Inflammation in lungs is present.
Increases permeability of capillaries
Plasma protein levels are low.
Decreases osmotic pressure of plasma
Pulmonary hypertension develops
Signs and symptoms of pulmonary edema Mild pulmonary edema-
Cough
Orthopnea
Rales
With increased congestion-
hemoptysis often occurs
Pink, frothy sputum
breathing becomes labored; feels like "drowning"
hypoxemia worsens
cyanosis develops in the advanced stage
,pulmonary embolus Blood clot or mass that obstructs pulmonary artery or any of its
branches
Effect of embolus depends on material, size, and location.
Small pulmonary emboli might be "silent" unless they involve a large area of lung.
Large emboli may cause sudden death.
90% of pulmonary emboli originate from deep vein thromboses in legs and are preventable.
signs and symptoms of pulmonary embolus Small emboli-
Transient chest pain
Cough
Dyspnea may occur
Larger emboli-
Chest pain
Tachypnea
Dyspnea develops suddenly.
Later, hemoptysis and fever are present.
Hypoxia stimulates a sympathetic response, with anxiety and restlessness, pallor, and
tachycardia.
massive- Severe crushing chest pain
Low blood pressure
Rapid weak pulse
Loss of consciousness
treatment of pulmonary embolism PE Assessment of risk factors
Surgically Inserted filter into vena cava (some cases)
Heparin or streptokinase
Mechanical ventilation
,Embolectomy
Lung expansion disorders Atelectasis
Pleural effusion
Pneumothorax
Flail chest
Infant respiratory distress syndrome
Acute respiratory failure
Atelectasis Nonaeration or collapse of lung or part of a lung (incensive spirometer)
Leads to decreased gas exchange and hypoxia
Alveoli become airless.
Collapse and inflammation or atrophy occur.
Process interferes with blood flow through the lung.
Both ventilation and perfusion are altered.
Affects oxygen diffusion
mechanisms that cause atelactasis Obstructive atelectasis-
Caused by total obstruction of airway - tumor or mucous
Compression atelectasis-
Tumor, fluid, or air in pleural space exerts pressure on lung.
Increased surface tension in alveoli-
Prevents expansion of lung - ex. pulmonary edema
Fibrotic tissue in lungs or pleura-
May restrict expansion and lead to collapse - ex. cystic fibrosis
Postoperative atelectasis-
Can occur after surgery
, signs and symptoms of atelectasis Small areas are asymptomatic.
Large areas
Dyspnea, cough
Increased heart and respiratory rates
Fever
treatment of atelectasis Result of surgery
Deep breathing exercises
Changing body positions
Forced coughing
Caused by external pressure
Removal of fluid, tissue or tumor causing the pressure on the lungs
Caused by blockage
Chest clapping or percussion
Postural drainage
Medications to open airways and loosen mucus
Pleural effusion Presence of excessive fluid in the pleural cavity
Causes increased pressure in pleural cavity
Separation of pleural membranes
Exudative effusions
Response to inflammation
Transudate effusions
Watery effusions (hydrothorax)
Result of increased hydrostatic pressure or decreased osmotic pressure in blood vessels
