EXAM 2 - A&P CH 3, 4, 5 Test
Questions and Already Passed
Answers.
Cells - Answer carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life and are the building
blocks of all living things - of life
tissues - Answer are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function. -cells made up
of C, H, O, N (largely protein) and trace elements like iron, sodium, potassium, calcium. -cells are
about 60% water-cells of the body are bathed in a dilute solution of salt water called interstitial
fluid, which is derived from leaked blood plasma-the cells structure dictates its function
(anatomy dictates the physiology)-cells have different roles, sizes, shapes and functions
anatomy of generalized cell - Answer cells are not all the same, but all cells share general
structures. cells are organized into 4 main regions or features: 1. nucleus 2. plasma membrane
3. cytoplasm/cytosol
nucleus - Answer cell headquarters or the control center of the cell; contains DNA genes,
which contains the instructions for protein synthesis and all cellular functions
nuclear envelope - Answer double membrane of phospholipids; 10% of its surface contains
nuclear pores; fluid inside is called nucleoplasm
nucleoli - Answer from one to four sites within the nucleus where ribosomes (an organelle)
are assembled
chromatin - Answer DNA is called this when the cell is not dividing; it is a loose network of
bumpy threads scattered throughout the nucleus; when the cell is dividing, the chromatin
threads coil and condense to form rod like structures called Chromosomes
plasma membrane - Answer transparent barrier around the cell that defines the outer
perimeter of the cell and define the "selfness" of the cell. it is flexible and is composed primarily
of a phospholipid bilayer (hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails), protein, cholesterol (which
gives it flexibility), and glycoproteins. This membrane is also described as selectively permeable
microvilli - Answer fingerlike projections that increase surface area of some cells for
absorption and secretion; looks like shag carpet; found mainly in cells of the digestive tract
,tight junctions - Answer impermeable junctions; bind cells together to prevent leakage of
fluids between cells; adjacent plasma membranes fuse together like a zipper or a zip-lock (in the
small intestines they prevent digestive enzymes from seeping into the bloodstream).
desmosomes - Answer are anchoring junctions that prevent cells subjected to mechanical
stress (like skin cells) from being sheared off; holds cells tightly together; these junctions are
formed by the connection between the fine protein filaments in adjacent membranes.
gap junctions - Answer commonly seen in heart and embryonic cells; function is to allow
immediate communication between adjacent cells in order to move nutrients and ions between
the cells of the heart in one example and in the cells of the embryo in another example
connexons - Answer hollow cylinders composed of protein that connect neighboring cells
the entire width of both cell membranes
cytoplasm/cytosel - Answer the vast area of cellular material outside the nucleus and inside
the plasma membrane. site of cellular activities (i.e it is a cellular factory area)
cytosol - Answer clear fluid portion of cytoplasm; a semitransparent fluid that suspends the
organelles (little organs) and inclusions
organelles - Answer "little organs" that are imbedded throughout the cytoplasm which
conduct the metabolic machinery of cell
inclusions - Answer non-functioning "sacs" or "packets" of materials that may be present in
the cytoplasm (this is depended on the type of cell being discussed). most inclusions store
nutrients or cell products like fat droplets, glycogen granules, melanin pigments, or mucus, etc.
ribosomes - Answer made of protein and RNA: they are tiny, round dark bodies and are the
sites of protein synthesis; found either as free floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough
endoplasmic reticulum
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - Answer a tubular highway transportation system that runs
throughout the cytoplasm; for transporting and carrying substances
rough endoplasmic reticulum - Answer endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes; sites
where building materials of cellular membranes are formed; also synthesizes secretory proteins
which oftentimes will be exported from the cell
, smooth endoplasmic reticulum - Answer is regular endoplasmic reticulum with no ribosomes
attached; functions in cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat metabolism, and detoxification
of drugs. the liver - the primary detoxifying organ-has an abundance of smooth E.R
golgi apparatus - Answer appears as a stack of flattened membranous sacs found close to the
nucleus; its function is to modify and package secretory proteins; the different types of
packages are: A. secretory vesicles, B. cell membrane components, and C. lysosomes
lysosomes - Answer organelles that contain powerful digestive enzymes that rid the cell of
foreign invaders (such as viruses, bacteria, fungus and algae), cancer cells and non-usable
materials in the cell; found in abundance in white blood cells (WBC's-part of the blood and
immune system).
peroxisomes - Answer organelles that help detoxify and remove harmful substances like
alcohol and poison from the body; they also remove dangerous Free Radicals (reactive
chemicals with either a positive or negative charge) from the body that can scramble the normal
healthy structure of proteins and nucleic acids. peroxisomes convert free radicals into hydrogen
peroxide (H2O2); then the H2O2 is converted to H2O by the enzyme Catalase. many
peroxisomes are found in the liver and in the kidneys
mitochondria - Answer the "powerhouse of the cell"; a kidney bean shaped structure
consisting of a double membrane-the outer membrane is smooth and the inner membrane has
protrusions or folds called Cristae; the mitochondria carry out reactions where oxygen is used to
break down (catabolize) nutrients, thus providing ATP-the primary energy molecule for all cells
of the body. ATP is necessary for all cells to carry out many cellular activities. Skeletal muscle
and liver cells have many mitochondria
cytoskeleton - Answer is a network of protein structures that extend throughout the
cytoplasm and provides the cell with an internal structural framework.
microfilaments - Answer examples are actin and myosin that are active in the motility
(movement) of some cells and also in the shape changes of some cells
intermediate filaments - Answer help to form desosomes and resist pulling forces on the cell
microtubules - Answer help determine the shape of the cell, the distribution of the
organelles within a cell, and, are important during cellular division (mitosis)
centrioles - Answer rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules that lie close to the nucleus;
they contain a 9/3 + 1 tubular structure; during cell division they direct the movement of
chromosomes by forming the mitotic spindle
Questions and Already Passed
Answers.
Cells - Answer carry out all chemical activities needed to sustain life and are the building
blocks of all living things - of life
tissues - Answer are groups of cells that are similar in structure and function. -cells made up
of C, H, O, N (largely protein) and trace elements like iron, sodium, potassium, calcium. -cells are
about 60% water-cells of the body are bathed in a dilute solution of salt water called interstitial
fluid, which is derived from leaked blood plasma-the cells structure dictates its function
(anatomy dictates the physiology)-cells have different roles, sizes, shapes and functions
anatomy of generalized cell - Answer cells are not all the same, but all cells share general
structures. cells are organized into 4 main regions or features: 1. nucleus 2. plasma membrane
3. cytoplasm/cytosol
nucleus - Answer cell headquarters or the control center of the cell; contains DNA genes,
which contains the instructions for protein synthesis and all cellular functions
nuclear envelope - Answer double membrane of phospholipids; 10% of its surface contains
nuclear pores; fluid inside is called nucleoplasm
nucleoli - Answer from one to four sites within the nucleus where ribosomes (an organelle)
are assembled
chromatin - Answer DNA is called this when the cell is not dividing; it is a loose network of
bumpy threads scattered throughout the nucleus; when the cell is dividing, the chromatin
threads coil and condense to form rod like structures called Chromosomes
plasma membrane - Answer transparent barrier around the cell that defines the outer
perimeter of the cell and define the "selfness" of the cell. it is flexible and is composed primarily
of a phospholipid bilayer (hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails), protein, cholesterol (which
gives it flexibility), and glycoproteins. This membrane is also described as selectively permeable
microvilli - Answer fingerlike projections that increase surface area of some cells for
absorption and secretion; looks like shag carpet; found mainly in cells of the digestive tract
,tight junctions - Answer impermeable junctions; bind cells together to prevent leakage of
fluids between cells; adjacent plasma membranes fuse together like a zipper or a zip-lock (in the
small intestines they prevent digestive enzymes from seeping into the bloodstream).
desmosomes - Answer are anchoring junctions that prevent cells subjected to mechanical
stress (like skin cells) from being sheared off; holds cells tightly together; these junctions are
formed by the connection between the fine protein filaments in adjacent membranes.
gap junctions - Answer commonly seen in heart and embryonic cells; function is to allow
immediate communication between adjacent cells in order to move nutrients and ions between
the cells of the heart in one example and in the cells of the embryo in another example
connexons - Answer hollow cylinders composed of protein that connect neighboring cells
the entire width of both cell membranes
cytoplasm/cytosel - Answer the vast area of cellular material outside the nucleus and inside
the plasma membrane. site of cellular activities (i.e it is a cellular factory area)
cytosol - Answer clear fluid portion of cytoplasm; a semitransparent fluid that suspends the
organelles (little organs) and inclusions
organelles - Answer "little organs" that are imbedded throughout the cytoplasm which
conduct the metabolic machinery of cell
inclusions - Answer non-functioning "sacs" or "packets" of materials that may be present in
the cytoplasm (this is depended on the type of cell being discussed). most inclusions store
nutrients or cell products like fat droplets, glycogen granules, melanin pigments, or mucus, etc.
ribosomes - Answer made of protein and RNA: they are tiny, round dark bodies and are the
sites of protein synthesis; found either as free floating in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough
endoplasmic reticulum
endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - Answer a tubular highway transportation system that runs
throughout the cytoplasm; for transporting and carrying substances
rough endoplasmic reticulum - Answer endoplasmic reticulum studded with ribosomes; sites
where building materials of cellular membranes are formed; also synthesizes secretory proteins
which oftentimes will be exported from the cell
, smooth endoplasmic reticulum - Answer is regular endoplasmic reticulum with no ribosomes
attached; functions in cholesterol synthesis and breakdown, fat metabolism, and detoxification
of drugs. the liver - the primary detoxifying organ-has an abundance of smooth E.R
golgi apparatus - Answer appears as a stack of flattened membranous sacs found close to the
nucleus; its function is to modify and package secretory proteins; the different types of
packages are: A. secretory vesicles, B. cell membrane components, and C. lysosomes
lysosomes - Answer organelles that contain powerful digestive enzymes that rid the cell of
foreign invaders (such as viruses, bacteria, fungus and algae), cancer cells and non-usable
materials in the cell; found in abundance in white blood cells (WBC's-part of the blood and
immune system).
peroxisomes - Answer organelles that help detoxify and remove harmful substances like
alcohol and poison from the body; they also remove dangerous Free Radicals (reactive
chemicals with either a positive or negative charge) from the body that can scramble the normal
healthy structure of proteins and nucleic acids. peroxisomes convert free radicals into hydrogen
peroxide (H2O2); then the H2O2 is converted to H2O by the enzyme Catalase. many
peroxisomes are found in the liver and in the kidneys
mitochondria - Answer the "powerhouse of the cell"; a kidney bean shaped structure
consisting of a double membrane-the outer membrane is smooth and the inner membrane has
protrusions or folds called Cristae; the mitochondria carry out reactions where oxygen is used to
break down (catabolize) nutrients, thus providing ATP-the primary energy molecule for all cells
of the body. ATP is necessary for all cells to carry out many cellular activities. Skeletal muscle
and liver cells have many mitochondria
cytoskeleton - Answer is a network of protein structures that extend throughout the
cytoplasm and provides the cell with an internal structural framework.
microfilaments - Answer examples are actin and myosin that are active in the motility
(movement) of some cells and also in the shape changes of some cells
intermediate filaments - Answer help to form desosomes and resist pulling forces on the cell
microtubules - Answer help determine the shape of the cell, the distribution of the
organelles within a cell, and, are important during cellular division (mitosis)
centrioles - Answer rod-shaped bodies made of microtubules that lie close to the nucleus;
they contain a 9/3 + 1 tubular structure; during cell division they direct the movement of
chromosomes by forming the mitotic spindle
