NUR242 MED SURG EXAM 5 2026
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY AND ANSWER GUIDE
◉ What is the primary function of the urinary tract? Answer:
eliminate waste and excess fluid from the body in the form of urine
◉ List 4 more functions of the urinary system: Answer: - regulates
levels of electrolytes
- produces hormones that are important for blood pressure
regulation
- develops red blood cells
- helps to keep bones strong
◉ List the route of urine (4 main steps): Answer: - kidneys
- ureters
- bladder
- urethra
◉ kidneys Answer: 2 bean-shaped organs located below the ribcage,
each adjacent to the spine
,◉ On average, the kidneys filter _____ to _____ quarts of blood to
produce _____ to _____ quarts of urine (a day). Answer: 120-150
1-2
◉ How many cups of urine can the bladder normally hold? Answer:
2
◉ urine Answer: extra fluid and waste the body no longer needs
ideally clear/light yellow without cloudiness
◉ List 5 things that affect urine color, amount, or odor: Answer: -
medications
- exercise
- hydration status
- diet
- age
◉ What are 2 affects of age on urine output? Answer: - kidney
function declines = decreased frequency
- loss of bladder muscle tone = leakage, incontinence, or retention
,◉ What diet habits affect urine? (5) Answer: - increase water =
clearer urine
- beets = red tint
- food dyes
- asparagus = specific odor
- alcohol/caffeine = increase urine production
◉ urinary retention Answer: inability to empty the bladder
◉ List the 3 sets of muscles that prevent incontinence: Answer: - the
urethra
- the bladder neck
- the pelvic floor
◉ How does pregnancy affect incontinence? Answer: increases
pressure on the pelvic floor = pelvic organ prolapse or nerve damage
◉ What is BPH? Answer: benign prostate hyperplasia
noncancerous overgrowth of the prostate
causes constriction of the urethra
, ◉ List 6 symptoms of BPH: Answer: - frequent nighttime urination
- incontinence
- urinary frequency
- urinary retention
- urinary urgency
- weak or slow urinary stream
◉ antidiuretics Answer: minimize fluid loss by preventing urine
production in the kidneys
◉ diuretics Answer: increase urination by increasing urine
production in the kidneys
primarily used to reduce blood pressure but can also be used to
treat heart failure and edema
◉ List the types of urinary incontinence (6): Answer: "surf on"
Stress
Urge
Reflex
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY AND ANSWER GUIDE
◉ What is the primary function of the urinary tract? Answer:
eliminate waste and excess fluid from the body in the form of urine
◉ List 4 more functions of the urinary system: Answer: - regulates
levels of electrolytes
- produces hormones that are important for blood pressure
regulation
- develops red blood cells
- helps to keep bones strong
◉ List the route of urine (4 main steps): Answer: - kidneys
- ureters
- bladder
- urethra
◉ kidneys Answer: 2 bean-shaped organs located below the ribcage,
each adjacent to the spine
,◉ On average, the kidneys filter _____ to _____ quarts of blood to
produce _____ to _____ quarts of urine (a day). Answer: 120-150
1-2
◉ How many cups of urine can the bladder normally hold? Answer:
2
◉ urine Answer: extra fluid and waste the body no longer needs
ideally clear/light yellow without cloudiness
◉ List 5 things that affect urine color, amount, or odor: Answer: -
medications
- exercise
- hydration status
- diet
- age
◉ What are 2 affects of age on urine output? Answer: - kidney
function declines = decreased frequency
- loss of bladder muscle tone = leakage, incontinence, or retention
,◉ What diet habits affect urine? (5) Answer: - increase water =
clearer urine
- beets = red tint
- food dyes
- asparagus = specific odor
- alcohol/caffeine = increase urine production
◉ urinary retention Answer: inability to empty the bladder
◉ List the 3 sets of muscles that prevent incontinence: Answer: - the
urethra
- the bladder neck
- the pelvic floor
◉ How does pregnancy affect incontinence? Answer: increases
pressure on the pelvic floor = pelvic organ prolapse or nerve damage
◉ What is BPH? Answer: benign prostate hyperplasia
noncancerous overgrowth of the prostate
causes constriction of the urethra
, ◉ List 6 symptoms of BPH: Answer: - frequent nighttime urination
- incontinence
- urinary frequency
- urinary retention
- urinary urgency
- weak or slow urinary stream
◉ antidiuretics Answer: minimize fluid loss by preventing urine
production in the kidneys
◉ diuretics Answer: increase urination by increasing urine
production in the kidneys
primarily used to reduce blood pressure but can also be used to
treat heart failure and edema
◉ List the types of urinary incontinence (6): Answer: "surf on"
Stress
Urge
Reflex
