A&P II Final Exam Questions with
Guaranteed Pass Solutions 2025-2026
Updated.
The heart of the fetus first begins to beat after... - Answer 4 weeks
The first process in fetal organogenesis is... - Answer Neurulation
Increased urine production in pregnancy is due to... - Answer The need to eliminate fetal
wastes and increased maternal metabolism
The secretion of oxytocin by the pituitary gland stimulates more prostaglandin and then more
uterine contractions, which in turn stimulates more oxytocin. This is an example of: - Answer
Positive feedback
A(n) ___________ is a cluster of cells that develops from fertilization to about week 8 of
pregnancy is called the... - Answer Embryo
What happens when a fertilized egg splits in two? - Answer Identical twins
Why is it important that polyspermy doesn't occur? - Answer Polyspermy results in a triploid
number of chromosomes.
Which hormone "rescues" the corpus luteum from degradation, thus prolonging high
production of estrogens and progesterone? - Answer Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Which "derm" develops into the most diverse set of tissues? - Answer Mesoderm
What is the water-filled sac that provides a protective, buoyant environment for the developing
fetus? - Answer Amnion
Who is the universal recipient and why? - Answer AB+ because there are all the antigens on
the surface of the cells, so nothing is foreign
Who is the universal donor and why? - Answer O- because there are no antigens on the
surface of the cells, so nothing can be identified as foreign
,Agglutination - Answer Clumping of blood cells caused by antibodies binding to specific
antigens.
Antibodies - Answer Agglutinins
Antigens - Answer Molecule(s) on the outside of the cell that specific antibodies bind to.
Human blood types in the ABO blood group are determined on the basis of: - Answer
Presence/absence of glycoproteins (antigens) on the surface of red blood cells
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn can develop in a ______ mother if she mates with a ______
father because the fetus will be _______. - Answer Rh-, Rh+, Rh+
What blood types can someone who is O+ donate to? - Answer A+, B+, AB+, O+
What blood types can someone who is A- receive? - Answer A-, O-
What antibodies would you find in someone who is AB+? - Answer No antibodies
What is the functional importance of elastic arteries? - Answer They serve as pressure
reservoirs, stretching after ventricular contraction, and recoiling to propel blood.
Sinusoid capillaries are characterized by large openings. Where would you most likely find this
type of capillary? - Answer Liver
What would the net filtration pressure be?
Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure: 37 mmHg
Interstitial Hydrostatic Pressure: 1 mmHg
Plasma Colloid Osmotic Pressure: 25 mm
HgInterstitial Colloid Osmotic Pressure: 0 mmHg - Answer 11 mmHg out of the capillary
Blood enters a capillary with a hydrostatic pressure of 36. The surround interstitial hydrostatic
pressure is 22. Where would the bulk flow of water travel? - Answer Out of the capillary into
the interstitium
What effect would significant overhydration have on bulk flow in capillaries? - Answer
Increased flow out of the capillary, thus potentially causing edema.
, Decreased vessel radius ____________ blood flow. - Answer Decreases
Vessel length _______ with obesity and _______ blood flow. - Answer Increases; decreases
Sets of smaller vessels have ________ surface areas and ________ velocities of blood flow
compared to larger vessels. - Answer Higher; lower
Which aspect has the largest effect on blood flow in a normal, healthy person? - Answer
Vessel radius
Which vessels are known as restriction vessels? - Answer Arterioles
What is the difference between a monocyte and a macrophage? - Answer A monocyte is not
phagocytic, but a macrophage is.
A monocyte is non-active, while a macrophage is actively targeting antigens.
Macrophages develop from monocytes.
What is the complete set of inflammatory stages? - Answer Leukocytosis, margination,
diapedesis, chemotaxis
Helper T Cells - Answer Activate and help maximize an adaptive immune response.
Cytotoxic T Cells - Answer Directly attack infected virus-infected cells, cancerous cells, and
parasite-infected cells.
Regulatory T Cells - Answer Monitor and prevent overactivity of immune responses.
B Cells - Answer Can be considered inactive antibody producing cells.
Plasma Cells - Answer Active antibody-producing cells.
How is the secondary response to an antigen different than the primary response to an antigen?
- Answer The primary response is slower to reach maximal antibody titers.
The secondary response is significantly stronger because higher antibody titers are achieved.
IgM is the first antibody produced in the primary response, while IgG is the main antibody in the
secondary response.
Guaranteed Pass Solutions 2025-2026
Updated.
The heart of the fetus first begins to beat after... - Answer 4 weeks
The first process in fetal organogenesis is... - Answer Neurulation
Increased urine production in pregnancy is due to... - Answer The need to eliminate fetal
wastes and increased maternal metabolism
The secretion of oxytocin by the pituitary gland stimulates more prostaglandin and then more
uterine contractions, which in turn stimulates more oxytocin. This is an example of: - Answer
Positive feedback
A(n) ___________ is a cluster of cells that develops from fertilization to about week 8 of
pregnancy is called the... - Answer Embryo
What happens when a fertilized egg splits in two? - Answer Identical twins
Why is it important that polyspermy doesn't occur? - Answer Polyspermy results in a triploid
number of chromosomes.
Which hormone "rescues" the corpus luteum from degradation, thus prolonging high
production of estrogens and progesterone? - Answer Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Which "derm" develops into the most diverse set of tissues? - Answer Mesoderm
What is the water-filled sac that provides a protective, buoyant environment for the developing
fetus? - Answer Amnion
Who is the universal recipient and why? - Answer AB+ because there are all the antigens on
the surface of the cells, so nothing is foreign
Who is the universal donor and why? - Answer O- because there are no antigens on the
surface of the cells, so nothing can be identified as foreign
,Agglutination - Answer Clumping of blood cells caused by antibodies binding to specific
antigens.
Antibodies - Answer Agglutinins
Antigens - Answer Molecule(s) on the outside of the cell that specific antibodies bind to.
Human blood types in the ABO blood group are determined on the basis of: - Answer
Presence/absence of glycoproteins (antigens) on the surface of red blood cells
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn can develop in a ______ mother if she mates with a ______
father because the fetus will be _______. - Answer Rh-, Rh+, Rh+
What blood types can someone who is O+ donate to? - Answer A+, B+, AB+, O+
What blood types can someone who is A- receive? - Answer A-, O-
What antibodies would you find in someone who is AB+? - Answer No antibodies
What is the functional importance of elastic arteries? - Answer They serve as pressure
reservoirs, stretching after ventricular contraction, and recoiling to propel blood.
Sinusoid capillaries are characterized by large openings. Where would you most likely find this
type of capillary? - Answer Liver
What would the net filtration pressure be?
Capillary Hydrostatic Pressure: 37 mmHg
Interstitial Hydrostatic Pressure: 1 mmHg
Plasma Colloid Osmotic Pressure: 25 mm
HgInterstitial Colloid Osmotic Pressure: 0 mmHg - Answer 11 mmHg out of the capillary
Blood enters a capillary with a hydrostatic pressure of 36. The surround interstitial hydrostatic
pressure is 22. Where would the bulk flow of water travel? - Answer Out of the capillary into
the interstitium
What effect would significant overhydration have on bulk flow in capillaries? - Answer
Increased flow out of the capillary, thus potentially causing edema.
, Decreased vessel radius ____________ blood flow. - Answer Decreases
Vessel length _______ with obesity and _______ blood flow. - Answer Increases; decreases
Sets of smaller vessels have ________ surface areas and ________ velocities of blood flow
compared to larger vessels. - Answer Higher; lower
Which aspect has the largest effect on blood flow in a normal, healthy person? - Answer
Vessel radius
Which vessels are known as restriction vessels? - Answer Arterioles
What is the difference between a monocyte and a macrophage? - Answer A monocyte is not
phagocytic, but a macrophage is.
A monocyte is non-active, while a macrophage is actively targeting antigens.
Macrophages develop from monocytes.
What is the complete set of inflammatory stages? - Answer Leukocytosis, margination,
diapedesis, chemotaxis
Helper T Cells - Answer Activate and help maximize an adaptive immune response.
Cytotoxic T Cells - Answer Directly attack infected virus-infected cells, cancerous cells, and
parasite-infected cells.
Regulatory T Cells - Answer Monitor and prevent overactivity of immune responses.
B Cells - Answer Can be considered inactive antibody producing cells.
Plasma Cells - Answer Active antibody-producing cells.
How is the secondary response to an antigen different than the primary response to an antigen?
- Answer The primary response is slower to reach maximal antibody titers.
The secondary response is significantly stronger because higher antibody titers are achieved.
IgM is the first antibody produced in the primary response, while IgG is the main antibody in the
secondary response.
