NMNC 1110 EXAM 2 ACTUAL PAPER 2026
QUESTIONS SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ Potassium Wasting Loop Diuretics: MOA. Answer: Inhibition of
sodium and water reabsorption from loop of Henle and distal renal
tubules; increases excretion of potassium, chloride, magnesium,
ammonium, phosphate, and calcium
◉ Potassium Wasting Loop Diuretics: Nursing Responsibilities.
Answer: Weigh the patient at the same time every day. A loss of 2.2
lb is equivalent to a fluid loss of 1 L.
Monitor for drug interactions: Increased digitalis toxicity and
cardiac dysrhythmias with digoxin and hypokalemia
Monitor serum electrolytes (especially potassium levels) when a
patient is taking digoxin. Hypokalemia enhances the action of
digitalis, causing digitalis toxicity.
Administer IV furosemide slowly; hearing loss may occur if it is
rapidly injected.
◉ Potassium Wasting Loop Diuretics: SE and AR. Answer: SE:
Nausea, diarrhea, dizziness, tinnitus, headache, weakness, blurred
vision, muscle cramps, photosensitivity
AR: Hypokalemia, hyponatremia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia,
metabolic alkalosis, hypovolemia, orthostatic hypotension,
hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, hearing loss, hypercholesterolemia,
,gout, leukopenia thrombocytopenia, agranulocytosis, Stevens-
Johnson syndrome
◉ Potassium Wasting Loop Diuretics: Patient Education. Answer:
Advise patients to take in the morning and not in the evening to
prevent sleep disturbance and nocturia.
Educate the patient that they need potassium replacement with food
or supplements to prevent hypokalemia.
◉ Thiazide Diuretic: Use. Answer: To increase urine output and to
treat hypertension (not controlled by monotherapy) and edema due
to HF, nephrotic syndrome, and ascites
◉ Thiazide diuretics: MOA. Answer: MOA: The renal distal tubules
are targeted to increase the excretion of sodium, potassium, and
water which leads to a reduction in preload and cardiac output. This
also helps to reduce edema. Additionally it acts on the arterioles to
cause vasodilation which lowers blood pressure.
◉ Thiazide Diuretic: SE and AR. Answer: Side Effects:
Dizziness, Headache, Nausea, Vomiting, Photosensitivity, Blurred
vision, Constipation, Hypokalemia, Fatigue, Erectile Dysfunction
Adverse Effects:
Hypokalemia, Aplastic anemia, Leukopenia, Thrombocytopenia,
Renal failure, Agranulocytosis
,Metabolic acidosis, Orthostatic hypotension, Electrolyte imbalances,
Gout
◉ Thiazide Diuretic: Nursing Responsibilities. Answer: Assess for
signs and symptoms of hypokalemia such as muscle weakness, leg
cramps, and cardiac dysrhythmias.
Monitor vital signs
Monitor the patient's weight at the same time every day with the
same type of clothing. A weight gain of 2.2 lb is equivalent to 1 L of
body fluids.
Monitor intake and output to assess for fluid loss or retention
Observe for signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia.
◉ Thiazide Diuretic: Education. Answer: Emphasize that the drug
takes time to work and the therapeutic effects may not be observed
for some time but to stick to regimen.
Do not discontinue abruptly, taper off slowly.
Stand up or change positions slowly to prevent orthostatic
hypotension.
Avoid increasing potassium intake.
Report a dry cough.
Take medicine early in the day to prevent sleep disturbance.
, ◉ Potassium Sparing Diuretic: Use. Answer: Edema of HF,
hypertension, diuretic-induced hypokalemia, primary
hyperaldosteronism, edema of nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis of liver
with ascites
◉ Potassium Sparing Diuretic: MOA. Answer: MOA: Inhibits
aldosterone effects on distal renal tubules to promote sodium and
water excretion and potassium retention
◉ Potassium Sparing Diuretic: Nursing Responsibilities. Answer:
Observe for signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia
Monitor urinary output; it should increase. Report if urine output is
less than 30 mL/h or less than 600 mL/day.
Weigh the patient at the same time every day with the same type of
clothing to determine fluid loss or gain. A loss of 2.2 lb is equivalent
to a fluid loss of 1 L.
Observe for signs of vomiting or diarrhea
◉ Potassium Sparing Diuretic: SE and AR. Answer: Side Effects:
Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea, Dizziness, Headache, Confusion,
Weakness, Gout, Dehydration, Ataxia (loss of muscle control),
Photosensitivity, Erectile Dysfunction
Adverse Effects:
Hyperkalemia, Electrolyte imbalance, Hypocalcemia, Hypovolemia,
Hyperglycemia,
QUESTIONS SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◉ Potassium Wasting Loop Diuretics: MOA. Answer: Inhibition of
sodium and water reabsorption from loop of Henle and distal renal
tubules; increases excretion of potassium, chloride, magnesium,
ammonium, phosphate, and calcium
◉ Potassium Wasting Loop Diuretics: Nursing Responsibilities.
Answer: Weigh the patient at the same time every day. A loss of 2.2
lb is equivalent to a fluid loss of 1 L.
Monitor for drug interactions: Increased digitalis toxicity and
cardiac dysrhythmias with digoxin and hypokalemia
Monitor serum electrolytes (especially potassium levels) when a
patient is taking digoxin. Hypokalemia enhances the action of
digitalis, causing digitalis toxicity.
Administer IV furosemide slowly; hearing loss may occur if it is
rapidly injected.
◉ Potassium Wasting Loop Diuretics: SE and AR. Answer: SE:
Nausea, diarrhea, dizziness, tinnitus, headache, weakness, blurred
vision, muscle cramps, photosensitivity
AR: Hypokalemia, hyponatremia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia,
metabolic alkalosis, hypovolemia, orthostatic hypotension,
hyperglycemia, hyperuricemia, hearing loss, hypercholesterolemia,
,gout, leukopenia thrombocytopenia, agranulocytosis, Stevens-
Johnson syndrome
◉ Potassium Wasting Loop Diuretics: Patient Education. Answer:
Advise patients to take in the morning and not in the evening to
prevent sleep disturbance and nocturia.
Educate the patient that they need potassium replacement with food
or supplements to prevent hypokalemia.
◉ Thiazide Diuretic: Use. Answer: To increase urine output and to
treat hypertension (not controlled by monotherapy) and edema due
to HF, nephrotic syndrome, and ascites
◉ Thiazide diuretics: MOA. Answer: MOA: The renal distal tubules
are targeted to increase the excretion of sodium, potassium, and
water which leads to a reduction in preload and cardiac output. This
also helps to reduce edema. Additionally it acts on the arterioles to
cause vasodilation which lowers blood pressure.
◉ Thiazide Diuretic: SE and AR. Answer: Side Effects:
Dizziness, Headache, Nausea, Vomiting, Photosensitivity, Blurred
vision, Constipation, Hypokalemia, Fatigue, Erectile Dysfunction
Adverse Effects:
Hypokalemia, Aplastic anemia, Leukopenia, Thrombocytopenia,
Renal failure, Agranulocytosis
,Metabolic acidosis, Orthostatic hypotension, Electrolyte imbalances,
Gout
◉ Thiazide Diuretic: Nursing Responsibilities. Answer: Assess for
signs and symptoms of hypokalemia such as muscle weakness, leg
cramps, and cardiac dysrhythmias.
Monitor vital signs
Monitor the patient's weight at the same time every day with the
same type of clothing. A weight gain of 2.2 lb is equivalent to 1 L of
body fluids.
Monitor intake and output to assess for fluid loss or retention
Observe for signs and symptoms of hyperglycemia.
◉ Thiazide Diuretic: Education. Answer: Emphasize that the drug
takes time to work and the therapeutic effects may not be observed
for some time but to stick to regimen.
Do not discontinue abruptly, taper off slowly.
Stand up or change positions slowly to prevent orthostatic
hypotension.
Avoid increasing potassium intake.
Report a dry cough.
Take medicine early in the day to prevent sleep disturbance.
, ◉ Potassium Sparing Diuretic: Use. Answer: Edema of HF,
hypertension, diuretic-induced hypokalemia, primary
hyperaldosteronism, edema of nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis of liver
with ascites
◉ Potassium Sparing Diuretic: MOA. Answer: MOA: Inhibits
aldosterone effects on distal renal tubules to promote sodium and
water excretion and potassium retention
◉ Potassium Sparing Diuretic: Nursing Responsibilities. Answer:
Observe for signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia
Monitor urinary output; it should increase. Report if urine output is
less than 30 mL/h or less than 600 mL/day.
Weigh the patient at the same time every day with the same type of
clothing to determine fluid loss or gain. A loss of 2.2 lb is equivalent
to a fluid loss of 1 L.
Observe for signs of vomiting or diarrhea
◉ Potassium Sparing Diuretic: SE and AR. Answer: Side Effects:
Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhea, Dizziness, Headache, Confusion,
Weakness, Gout, Dehydration, Ataxia (loss of muscle control),
Photosensitivity, Erectile Dysfunction
Adverse Effects:
Hyperkalemia, Electrolyte imbalance, Hypocalcemia, Hypovolemia,
Hyperglycemia,
