BIOL 101 INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT 3
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE 2026
◉ Recessive allele: Answer: alleles that are masked by others - often
designated with lowercase letters.
◉ Homozygous genome: Answer: when both alleles for the same
trait are the same.
ex. PP or pp
◉ Heterozygous genome: Answer: when alleles for the same trait
differ.
ex. Pp
◉ Genotype: Answer: the specific combination of "hereditary
particles" carried by an individual that causes a phenotype.
◉ Phenotype: Answer: observable traits expressed by an organism
determined by genes.
◉ Alleles: Answer: different forms of a gene.
,◉ What are Mendel's Laws of Inheritance? Answer: 1) The Law of
segregation of genes- hereditary particles (genes) occur in pairs but
during formation of gametes, each member of the gene pair
separates and enters a gamete by itself.
2) The Law of independant assortment- Segregation and
recombination of alleles for one trait has no effecton segregation and
recombination of alleles for other traits.
◉ Co-dominance: Answer: both alleles are expressed equally in the
phenotype, showing distinct traits from both alleles simultaneously.
ex. blood
◉ Incomplete dominance: Answer: when a heterozygous individual
displays a phenotype that is a blend of both alleles, appearing as an
intermediate between the two homozygous traits
◉ Complete dominance: Answer: one allele completely masks the
other, resulting in only the dominant trait being visible in the
phenotype.
◉ What sex chromosomes does a male have? Answer: 'X' and a 'Y'
chromosome. The Y chromosome causes male characteristics.
, ◉ What sex chromosomes does a female have? Answer: Two 'X'
chromosomes. The XX combination allows female characteristics to
develop.
◉ Karyotype Answer: an individual's complete set of chromosomes,
organized by size, shape, and number.
◉ Sex-linked traits: Answer: traits that are inherited with sex
chromosomes.
ex. colorblindness
◉ Chargoff's rules: Answer: - Showed DNA was composed of 4
nucleotide building blocks, adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.
- Amounts of adenine and thymine in DNA were roughly thesame, as
were the amounts of cytosine and guanine.
◉ DNA structure: Answer: 1) Nucleotides: The basic building blocks,
each with a sugar, a phosphate, and a base (A, T, C, or G).
2) Sugar-Phosphate Backbone: Alternating deoxyribose sugars and
phosphate groups form the strong outer rails of the ladder.
3) Nitrogenous Bases: Attached to the sugars, they form the ladder's
rungs: Adenine (A) always pairs with Thymine (T).
Guanine (G) always pairs with Cytosine (C).
COMPREHENSIVE STUDY GUIDE 2026
◉ Recessive allele: Answer: alleles that are masked by others - often
designated with lowercase letters.
◉ Homozygous genome: Answer: when both alleles for the same
trait are the same.
ex. PP or pp
◉ Heterozygous genome: Answer: when alleles for the same trait
differ.
ex. Pp
◉ Genotype: Answer: the specific combination of "hereditary
particles" carried by an individual that causes a phenotype.
◉ Phenotype: Answer: observable traits expressed by an organism
determined by genes.
◉ Alleles: Answer: different forms of a gene.
,◉ What are Mendel's Laws of Inheritance? Answer: 1) The Law of
segregation of genes- hereditary particles (genes) occur in pairs but
during formation of gametes, each member of the gene pair
separates and enters a gamete by itself.
2) The Law of independant assortment- Segregation and
recombination of alleles for one trait has no effecton segregation and
recombination of alleles for other traits.
◉ Co-dominance: Answer: both alleles are expressed equally in the
phenotype, showing distinct traits from both alleles simultaneously.
ex. blood
◉ Incomplete dominance: Answer: when a heterozygous individual
displays a phenotype that is a blend of both alleles, appearing as an
intermediate between the two homozygous traits
◉ Complete dominance: Answer: one allele completely masks the
other, resulting in only the dominant trait being visible in the
phenotype.
◉ What sex chromosomes does a male have? Answer: 'X' and a 'Y'
chromosome. The Y chromosome causes male characteristics.
, ◉ What sex chromosomes does a female have? Answer: Two 'X'
chromosomes. The XX combination allows female characteristics to
develop.
◉ Karyotype Answer: an individual's complete set of chromosomes,
organized by size, shape, and number.
◉ Sex-linked traits: Answer: traits that are inherited with sex
chromosomes.
ex. colorblindness
◉ Chargoff's rules: Answer: - Showed DNA was composed of 4
nucleotide building blocks, adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.
- Amounts of adenine and thymine in DNA were roughly thesame, as
were the amounts of cytosine and guanine.
◉ DNA structure: Answer: 1) Nucleotides: The basic building blocks,
each with a sugar, a phosphate, and a base (A, T, C, or G).
2) Sugar-Phosphate Backbone: Alternating deoxyribose sugars and
phosphate groups form the strong outer rails of the ladder.
3) Nitrogenous Bases: Attached to the sugars, they form the ladder's
rungs: Adenine (A) always pairs with Thymine (T).
Guanine (G) always pairs with Cytosine (C).
