HUN3403 Ch.4: Fetal Growth & Development(100%
Correct answers)
Growth correct answers inc. in an organism's size through cell multiplication (hyperplasia) &
enlargement of cell size (hypertrophy)
Development correct answers progression of the physical & mental capabilities of an organism
through growth & differentiation of organs & tissues, & integration of functions
During what period of our lifetime do we experience the greatest rate of growth & development?
correct answers the 9 month gestational period from conception to delivery
Differentiation correct answers cellular acquisition of one or more characteristics or functions
diff. from that of the original cells
Critical periods correct answers pre-programmed time periods during embryonic & fetal
development when specific cells, organs, & tissues are formed & integrated *(cell
differentiation)*, or functional levels est. (also called "sensitive periods")
*when cells are differentiating so that tissues are particularly susceptible to nutrient deficiencies*
When are critical periods most intense during fetal growth/development? correct answers during
1st 2 months after conception when a majority of organs & tissues begin to form
Why are critical periods considered a "one-way street"? correct answers b/c it is not possible to
reverse directions & correct errors in growth/development that occurred during a previous
critical period therefore adverse effects of nutritional/other insults occurring during critical
periods of growth/development persist throughout life
Hyperplasia correct answers an inc. in cell multiplication
Growth in cell numbers of a particular tissue (hyperplasia) is indicated by correct answers inc. in
DNA content of a given amount of tissue
The critical period of rapid cell multiplication (hyperplasia) of the forebrain is correct answers
b/w 10-20 weeks gestation
What is the first organ that develops in humans? correct answers the brain & the rest of the CNS,
which are given priority access to energy, nutrient, & O2 supplies during development
(heart & adrenal glands next after CNS in hierarchy of targets for preferential nutrient delivery)
The neural tube develops into the brain & spinal cord during weeks .................. after conception
correct answers weeks 3 & 4
, -therefore severe malnutrition early in pregnancy can dec. brain cell number in utero leading to
deficits later on (after birth)
How do deficits/excesses in nutrients supplied to the embryo & fetus during critical periods of
hyperplasia affect fetal growth & development? correct answers can produce lifelong defects
organ & tissue structure & function, with the organ/tissue undergoing critical periods of growth
at the time of the adverse exposure being affected most (i.e. low folate supplies during week 3 &
4 gestation==> NTDs)
T/F: Hyperplasia continues after birth correct answers TRUE--some degree of hyperplasia occurs
in a number of organs & tissues in the first year or 2 after birth (i.e. CNS, although at much
slower pace than in early pregnancy) as well as during the adolescent growth spurt (skeletal
system & muscle cells)
Embryonic/Fetal growth & development occurs in the following stages: correct answers 1)
Hyperplasia
2) Hyperplasia & hypertrophy
3) Hypertrophy only
4) Maturation
Hypertrophy correct answers inc. in the size of cells (growth of cells that have already been
formed) along with which specialized functions of cells are developed
After critical periods of hyperplasia, tissues experience correct answers slowed rate of inc. in
DNA content (hyperplasia) & inc. rate of cell size inc. (hypertrophy) due to an accumulation of
protein & lipids inside cells
Inc. in cell size can be determined by correct answers measuring the protein/lipid content of cells
Periods of hyperplasia & hypertrophy are followed by correct answers hypertrophy only, phase
in which cells continue to accumulate protein & lipids & functional levels continue to grow in
sophistication, but cells no longer multiply
Impaired hypertrophy during fetal development correct answers may cause dec. in cell size from
unfavorable nutrient environments or other conditions associated w/ deficits in organ & tissue
functions *but such functional changes can often be reversed later if deficits corrected*
Maturation correct answers the last phase of growth & development in which stabilization of cell
number & size occurs after tissues & organs are fully developed later in life
Day 1 fetal development correct answers Conception; one cell (zygote)
Day 2-3 correct answers morula (8 cells)
Day 6-8 correct answers Blastocyst (250 fluid-filled cells)
Correct answers)
Growth correct answers inc. in an organism's size through cell multiplication (hyperplasia) &
enlargement of cell size (hypertrophy)
Development correct answers progression of the physical & mental capabilities of an organism
through growth & differentiation of organs & tissues, & integration of functions
During what period of our lifetime do we experience the greatest rate of growth & development?
correct answers the 9 month gestational period from conception to delivery
Differentiation correct answers cellular acquisition of one or more characteristics or functions
diff. from that of the original cells
Critical periods correct answers pre-programmed time periods during embryonic & fetal
development when specific cells, organs, & tissues are formed & integrated *(cell
differentiation)*, or functional levels est. (also called "sensitive periods")
*when cells are differentiating so that tissues are particularly susceptible to nutrient deficiencies*
When are critical periods most intense during fetal growth/development? correct answers during
1st 2 months after conception when a majority of organs & tissues begin to form
Why are critical periods considered a "one-way street"? correct answers b/c it is not possible to
reverse directions & correct errors in growth/development that occurred during a previous
critical period therefore adverse effects of nutritional/other insults occurring during critical
periods of growth/development persist throughout life
Hyperplasia correct answers an inc. in cell multiplication
Growth in cell numbers of a particular tissue (hyperplasia) is indicated by correct answers inc. in
DNA content of a given amount of tissue
The critical period of rapid cell multiplication (hyperplasia) of the forebrain is correct answers
b/w 10-20 weeks gestation
What is the first organ that develops in humans? correct answers the brain & the rest of the CNS,
which are given priority access to energy, nutrient, & O2 supplies during development
(heart & adrenal glands next after CNS in hierarchy of targets for preferential nutrient delivery)
The neural tube develops into the brain & spinal cord during weeks .................. after conception
correct answers weeks 3 & 4
, -therefore severe malnutrition early in pregnancy can dec. brain cell number in utero leading to
deficits later on (after birth)
How do deficits/excesses in nutrients supplied to the embryo & fetus during critical periods of
hyperplasia affect fetal growth & development? correct answers can produce lifelong defects
organ & tissue structure & function, with the organ/tissue undergoing critical periods of growth
at the time of the adverse exposure being affected most (i.e. low folate supplies during week 3 &
4 gestation==> NTDs)
T/F: Hyperplasia continues after birth correct answers TRUE--some degree of hyperplasia occurs
in a number of organs & tissues in the first year or 2 after birth (i.e. CNS, although at much
slower pace than in early pregnancy) as well as during the adolescent growth spurt (skeletal
system & muscle cells)
Embryonic/Fetal growth & development occurs in the following stages: correct answers 1)
Hyperplasia
2) Hyperplasia & hypertrophy
3) Hypertrophy only
4) Maturation
Hypertrophy correct answers inc. in the size of cells (growth of cells that have already been
formed) along with which specialized functions of cells are developed
After critical periods of hyperplasia, tissues experience correct answers slowed rate of inc. in
DNA content (hyperplasia) & inc. rate of cell size inc. (hypertrophy) due to an accumulation of
protein & lipids inside cells
Inc. in cell size can be determined by correct answers measuring the protein/lipid content of cells
Periods of hyperplasia & hypertrophy are followed by correct answers hypertrophy only, phase
in which cells continue to accumulate protein & lipids & functional levels continue to grow in
sophistication, but cells no longer multiply
Impaired hypertrophy during fetal development correct answers may cause dec. in cell size from
unfavorable nutrient environments or other conditions associated w/ deficits in organ & tissue
functions *but such functional changes can often be reversed later if deficits corrected*
Maturation correct answers the last phase of growth & development in which stabilization of cell
number & size occurs after tissues & organs are fully developed later in life
Day 1 fetal development correct answers Conception; one cell (zygote)
Day 2-3 correct answers morula (8 cells)
Day 6-8 correct answers Blastocyst (250 fluid-filled cells)
