GNRS515 - Advanced
Pathophysiology - Exam #2 with
complete solutions 2025/2026
A 20-year-old male received a knife wound to the arm during an altercation. Which of the
following types of immunity was compromised?
A. Innate immunity
B. Inflammatory response
C. Adaptive immunity
D. Specific immunity - ANS ✔✔A. Innate immunity
A child fell off the swing and scraped the right knee. The injured area becomes painful. What
else will the nurse observe upon assessment?
A. Vasoconstriction at injured site
B. Decreased RBC concentration at injured site
C. Pale skin at injured site
D. Edema at injured site - ANS ✔✔D. Edema at injured site
The microorganisms that make up the normal human flora are important for:
A. Regulating inflammation
B. Secreting bacteriostatic substances
C. Activating white blood cells
D. Preventing the colonization and multiplication of pathogens - ANS ✔✔D. Preventing the
colonization and multiplication of pathogens
,A nurse recalls the mast cell, a major activator of inflammation, initiates the inflammatory
response through the process of:
A. Chemotaxis
B. Endocytosis
C. Degranulation
D. Opsonization - ANS ✔✔D. Degranulation
The directional migration of leukocytes along a chemical gradient is termed:
A. Chemotaxis
B. Endocytosis
C. Margination
D. Diapedesis - ANS ✔✔A. Chemotaxis
A 20-year-old male shoots his hand with a nail gun while replacing roofing shingles. Which of
the following cell types would be the first to aid in killing bacteria to prevent infection in his
hand?
A. Eosinophils
B. Neutrophils
C. Leukotrienes
D. Monocytes - ANS ✔✔B. Neutrophils
A 25-year-old female experiences a headache and takes aspirin for relief. A nurse recalls aspirin
relieves the headache by:
A. Decreasing leukotriene production
B. Increasing histamine release
C. Decreasing prostaglandin production
D. Increasing platelet-activating factor - ANS ✔✔C. Decreasing prostaglandin production
,A 25-year-old male is in a car accident and sustains a fracture to his left femur with extensive
soft tissue injury. The pain associated with the injury is related to:
A. Histamine and serotonin
B. Kinins and prostaglandins
C. Vasoconstriction
D. Immune complex formation - ANS ✔✔B. Kinins and prostaglandins
A 5-year-old male is diagnosed with a bacterial infection. Cultures of the bacteria revealed
lipopolysaccharides on the bacterial cell surface. Which of the complement pathways would be
activated in this case?
A. Classical pathway
B. Lectin pathway
C. Alternative pathway
D. Kinin pathway - ANS ✔✔C. Alternative pathway
A nurse is preparing to teach on the subject of opsonins. Which information should the nurse
include? Opsonins are molecules that:
A. Are composed of fatty acids
B. Regulate inflammation
C. Degranulate mast cells
D. Enhance phagocytosis - ANS ✔✔D. Enhance phagocytosis
A 10-year-old male is diagnosed with a parasite. Which lab result should the nurse check for a
response to the parasite?
A. Monocytes
B. Eosinophils
C. Neutrophils
, D. Macrophages - ANS ✔✔B. Eosinophils
During inflammation, the liver is stimulated to release plasma proteins, collectively known as:
A. Opsonins
B. Acute phase reactants
C. Antibodies
D. Phagolysosome - ANS ✔✔B. Acute phase reactants
A 6-year-old female is diagnosed with a bacterial infection of the respiratory system. Which of
the following will most likely try to fight the antigen?
A. Antibodies
B. Cytotoxic T cells
C. Self-antigens
D. Helper T cells - ANS ✔✔A. Antibodies
A 20-year-old female is applying for nursing school and is required to be tested for immunity
against several illnesses. Testing that looks at which of the following would be the best to
determine immunity?
A. Culture and sensitivity
B. Agglutination
C. Precipitation
D. Titer - ANS ✔✔D. Titer
When the immunoglobulin crosses the placenta, what type of immunity does the fetus receive?
A. Active
B. Passive
C. Innate
Pathophysiology - Exam #2 with
complete solutions 2025/2026
A 20-year-old male received a knife wound to the arm during an altercation. Which of the
following types of immunity was compromised?
A. Innate immunity
B. Inflammatory response
C. Adaptive immunity
D. Specific immunity - ANS ✔✔A. Innate immunity
A child fell off the swing and scraped the right knee. The injured area becomes painful. What
else will the nurse observe upon assessment?
A. Vasoconstriction at injured site
B. Decreased RBC concentration at injured site
C. Pale skin at injured site
D. Edema at injured site - ANS ✔✔D. Edema at injured site
The microorganisms that make up the normal human flora are important for:
A. Regulating inflammation
B. Secreting bacteriostatic substances
C. Activating white blood cells
D. Preventing the colonization and multiplication of pathogens - ANS ✔✔D. Preventing the
colonization and multiplication of pathogens
,A nurse recalls the mast cell, a major activator of inflammation, initiates the inflammatory
response through the process of:
A. Chemotaxis
B. Endocytosis
C. Degranulation
D. Opsonization - ANS ✔✔D. Degranulation
The directional migration of leukocytes along a chemical gradient is termed:
A. Chemotaxis
B. Endocytosis
C. Margination
D. Diapedesis - ANS ✔✔A. Chemotaxis
A 20-year-old male shoots his hand with a nail gun while replacing roofing shingles. Which of
the following cell types would be the first to aid in killing bacteria to prevent infection in his
hand?
A. Eosinophils
B. Neutrophils
C. Leukotrienes
D. Monocytes - ANS ✔✔B. Neutrophils
A 25-year-old female experiences a headache and takes aspirin for relief. A nurse recalls aspirin
relieves the headache by:
A. Decreasing leukotriene production
B. Increasing histamine release
C. Decreasing prostaglandin production
D. Increasing platelet-activating factor - ANS ✔✔C. Decreasing prostaglandin production
,A 25-year-old male is in a car accident and sustains a fracture to his left femur with extensive
soft tissue injury. The pain associated with the injury is related to:
A. Histamine and serotonin
B. Kinins and prostaglandins
C. Vasoconstriction
D. Immune complex formation - ANS ✔✔B. Kinins and prostaglandins
A 5-year-old male is diagnosed with a bacterial infection. Cultures of the bacteria revealed
lipopolysaccharides on the bacterial cell surface. Which of the complement pathways would be
activated in this case?
A. Classical pathway
B. Lectin pathway
C. Alternative pathway
D. Kinin pathway - ANS ✔✔C. Alternative pathway
A nurse is preparing to teach on the subject of opsonins. Which information should the nurse
include? Opsonins are molecules that:
A. Are composed of fatty acids
B. Regulate inflammation
C. Degranulate mast cells
D. Enhance phagocytosis - ANS ✔✔D. Enhance phagocytosis
A 10-year-old male is diagnosed with a parasite. Which lab result should the nurse check for a
response to the parasite?
A. Monocytes
B. Eosinophils
C. Neutrophils
, D. Macrophages - ANS ✔✔B. Eosinophils
During inflammation, the liver is stimulated to release plasma proteins, collectively known as:
A. Opsonins
B. Acute phase reactants
C. Antibodies
D. Phagolysosome - ANS ✔✔B. Acute phase reactants
A 6-year-old female is diagnosed with a bacterial infection of the respiratory system. Which of
the following will most likely try to fight the antigen?
A. Antibodies
B. Cytotoxic T cells
C. Self-antigens
D. Helper T cells - ANS ✔✔A. Antibodies
A 20-year-old female is applying for nursing school and is required to be tested for immunity
against several illnesses. Testing that looks at which of the following would be the best to
determine immunity?
A. Culture and sensitivity
B. Agglutination
C. Precipitation
D. Titer - ANS ✔✔D. Titer
When the immunoglobulin crosses the placenta, what type of immunity does the fetus receive?
A. Active
B. Passive
C. Innate
