MDC 3 (Cardiac) – EXAM STUDY GUIDE
2026/2027 COMPLETE QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS ||
100% GUARANTEED PASS
Priority concept when it comes to cardiovascular disorders? - ANSWER Perfusion
Name the AV valves (atrioventricular)
Name the Semilunar valves - ANSWER av vales = tricuspid valve and mitral valve
semilunar valves = pulmonic valve and aortic valve
What is MAP, and what are the values we look for in a patient to maintain adequate perfusion -
ANSWER Mean Arterial Pressure
MAP between 60-70mmHg to maintain adequate perfusion
what is cardiac output and how is CO measured - ANSWER the amount of blood pumped by
the left ventricle in one minute.
CO = heart rate x stroke volume
Stroke volume - ANSWER the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one
contraction
, preload and afterload - ANSWER preload is the amount of stretch at the end of diastole
(ventricles filling)
afterload is the force ventricles need to eject blood out
What is the purpose of the vascular system - ANSWER - provides a route for blood to travel
from the heart to nourish the various tissues of the body
-carries cellular waste to the excretory organs
-allows lymphatic flow to drain tissue fluid back into circulation
-returns blood to the heart for recirculation
Purpose of the ARTERIAL system - ANSWER Delivers oxygen and nutrients to various body
tissues
purpose of the VENOUS system - ANSWER the primary function is to complete circulation of
blood by returning blood from the capillaries to the right side of the heart
What things do BP regulate?? (slide 12)?? - ANSWER -autonomic nervous system
-kidneys
-endocrine system
-systolic and diastolic BP
-baroreceptors
,what is effected in the cardiac system that occurs with age - ANSWER -valves weaken
-conduction system doesn't work as great
-left ventricle gets weaker as we age
-aorta and other large arteries weaken
what is DOE and PND - ANSWER DOE= dyspnea on exertion
PND= paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
what labs to recognize for possible cardiac issues - ANSWER -serum cardiac enzymes
*(Troponin T and I)
-Serum Lipids
*Total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL
What are some diagnostic tools we can use to diagnose possible cardiac issues? - ANSWER -
PA and lateral CXR (posteroanterior chest xray)
-angiography
-cardiac cath
-ECG
-EPS (electrophysiologic study)
-exercise ECG
-echocardiography
-Myocardial nuclear perfusion imaging (MNPI)
-CT, MRI
how is a cardiac catheterization preformed? - ANSWER a catheter enters though the femoral
artery (or the radial artery) to the heart
, if you are having trouble listening to S1 or S2 what do you advise your patient to do? - ANSWER
ask the client to lean forward or roll to their left side. this makes it more audible for
auscultation
flow of blood through the heart - ANSWER Vena cava >
Right Atrium > Tricuspid >
Right Ventricle > Pulmonic Valve > Pulmonary Arteries > Lungs >
Pulmonary Veins >
Left Atrium >
Mitral Valve >
Left Ventricle >
Aortic Valve >
Aorta >
Systemic Circulation
Parts of the cardiac conduction system - ANSWER -SA node (sinoatrial)
-AV node (atrioventricular)
-Bundle of His
SA node - ANSWER pace maker of the heart, 60-100 beats/min
shows on ECG as the P wave
Atrioventricular junction - ANSWER PR segment on ECG
2026/2027 COMPLETE QUESTIONS
WITH VERIFIED CORRECT ANSWERS ||
100% GUARANTEED PASS
Priority concept when it comes to cardiovascular disorders? - ANSWER Perfusion
Name the AV valves (atrioventricular)
Name the Semilunar valves - ANSWER av vales = tricuspid valve and mitral valve
semilunar valves = pulmonic valve and aortic valve
What is MAP, and what are the values we look for in a patient to maintain adequate perfusion -
ANSWER Mean Arterial Pressure
MAP between 60-70mmHg to maintain adequate perfusion
what is cardiac output and how is CO measured - ANSWER the amount of blood pumped by
the left ventricle in one minute.
CO = heart rate x stroke volume
Stroke volume - ANSWER the amount of blood pumped by the left ventricle in one
contraction
, preload and afterload - ANSWER preload is the amount of stretch at the end of diastole
(ventricles filling)
afterload is the force ventricles need to eject blood out
What is the purpose of the vascular system - ANSWER - provides a route for blood to travel
from the heart to nourish the various tissues of the body
-carries cellular waste to the excretory organs
-allows lymphatic flow to drain tissue fluid back into circulation
-returns blood to the heart for recirculation
Purpose of the ARTERIAL system - ANSWER Delivers oxygen and nutrients to various body
tissues
purpose of the VENOUS system - ANSWER the primary function is to complete circulation of
blood by returning blood from the capillaries to the right side of the heart
What things do BP regulate?? (slide 12)?? - ANSWER -autonomic nervous system
-kidneys
-endocrine system
-systolic and diastolic BP
-baroreceptors
,what is effected in the cardiac system that occurs with age - ANSWER -valves weaken
-conduction system doesn't work as great
-left ventricle gets weaker as we age
-aorta and other large arteries weaken
what is DOE and PND - ANSWER DOE= dyspnea on exertion
PND= paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea
what labs to recognize for possible cardiac issues - ANSWER -serum cardiac enzymes
*(Troponin T and I)
-Serum Lipids
*Total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL, LDL
What are some diagnostic tools we can use to diagnose possible cardiac issues? - ANSWER -
PA and lateral CXR (posteroanterior chest xray)
-angiography
-cardiac cath
-ECG
-EPS (electrophysiologic study)
-exercise ECG
-echocardiography
-Myocardial nuclear perfusion imaging (MNPI)
-CT, MRI
how is a cardiac catheterization preformed? - ANSWER a catheter enters though the femoral
artery (or the radial artery) to the heart
, if you are having trouble listening to S1 or S2 what do you advise your patient to do? - ANSWER
ask the client to lean forward or roll to their left side. this makes it more audible for
auscultation
flow of blood through the heart - ANSWER Vena cava >
Right Atrium > Tricuspid >
Right Ventricle > Pulmonic Valve > Pulmonary Arteries > Lungs >
Pulmonary Veins >
Left Atrium >
Mitral Valve >
Left Ventricle >
Aortic Valve >
Aorta >
Systemic Circulation
Parts of the cardiac conduction system - ANSWER -SA node (sinoatrial)
-AV node (atrioventricular)
-Bundle of His
SA node - ANSWER pace maker of the heart, 60-100 beats/min
shows on ECG as the P wave
Atrioventricular junction - ANSWER PR segment on ECG
