BIOL251 Final Exam Review
Questions and All Correct Answers
2025-2026 Updated.
anatomy - Answer study of structure
physiology - Answer study of how body parts function
level of structural organization - Answer chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system,
organismal
11 systems of the human body - Answer integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous,
endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
integumentary components - Answer skin, hair, nails
integumentary functions - Answer protection, body temperature regulation, insulation
skeletal components - Answer bones, joints, cartilage
skeletal functions - Answer structure, support, body movements
muscular components - Answer skeletal muscle tissue
muscular functions - Answer movements, produces heat, maintains posture
nervous components - Answer brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs (eyes and ears)
nervous functions - Answer action potentials, regulates body activities, detects changes in
internal and external
endocrine components - Answer hormone producing glands (pineal gland, hypothalamus,
pituary gland, ovaries, etc.)
endocrine functions - Answer releasing hormones (chemical messengers)
,cardiovascular components - Answer blood, heart, blood vessels
cardiovascular functions - Answer pumping blood, helps regulate temperature and water
content of body fluids
lymphatic components - Answer lymphatic fluid, vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and
tonsils
lymphatic functions - Answer returns proteins and fluids to the blood, carries lipids
respiratory components - Answer lungs, trachea, bronchial tubes, pharynx, and larynx
respiratory functions - Answer transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide
from blood to exhaled air
digestive components - Answer mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver,
pancreas, anus
digestive functions - Answer achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorbs
nutrients
urinary components - Answer kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
urinary functions - Answer produces, stores, and eliminates urine
reproductive components - Answer gonads, uterine tubes, mammary glands, etc.
reproductive functions - Answer gonads produce gametes to help form a new organism,
mammary glands produce milk, etc.
life processes in humans - Answer metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth,
differentiation, reproduction
homeostasis - Answer a condition of equilibrium, or balance, in the body's internal
environment
fluid in homeostasis - Answer extracellular fluid
, components of a feedback loop - Answer stimulus, receptor, control center, effector,
response
negative feedback loop - Answer a feedback loop that causes a system to change in the
opposite direction from which it is moving (example: change in blood pressure)
positive feedback loop - Answer a feedback loop in which change in a system is amplified
(example: pregnancy)
tissue - Answer a group of cells that usually have a common embryonic origin in an embryo
and function together to carry out specialized activities
4 basic types of tissue - Answer epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
cell junctions - Answer cells that are held together in a variety of ways; point of contact
between cells
tight junctions - Answer adjacent plasma membranes with intercellular space between;
stands of transmembrane proteins on the sides
adherens junctions - Answer adjacent plasma membranes with microfilament (actin) along
the middle with plaque in between
desmosomes - Answer adjacent plasma membranes with plaque in the middle and keratin
on the sides (crazy looking)
hemidesmosomes - Answer attach epithelial cells to the basement membrane with keratin
on the top
gap junctions - Answer adjacent plasma membranes with connexons and gaps between
epithelial tissue - Answer cells arranged in sheets and are densely packed, many cell
junctions present, attaches to basement membrane, avascular with nerve supply, mitosis occurs
frequently
epithelial cell diagram - Answer
Questions and All Correct Answers
2025-2026 Updated.
anatomy - Answer study of structure
physiology - Answer study of how body parts function
level of structural organization - Answer chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system,
organismal
11 systems of the human body - Answer integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous,
endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
integumentary components - Answer skin, hair, nails
integumentary functions - Answer protection, body temperature regulation, insulation
skeletal components - Answer bones, joints, cartilage
skeletal functions - Answer structure, support, body movements
muscular components - Answer skeletal muscle tissue
muscular functions - Answer movements, produces heat, maintains posture
nervous components - Answer brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs (eyes and ears)
nervous functions - Answer action potentials, regulates body activities, detects changes in
internal and external
endocrine components - Answer hormone producing glands (pineal gland, hypothalamus,
pituary gland, ovaries, etc.)
endocrine functions - Answer releasing hormones (chemical messengers)
,cardiovascular components - Answer blood, heart, blood vessels
cardiovascular functions - Answer pumping blood, helps regulate temperature and water
content of body fluids
lymphatic components - Answer lymphatic fluid, vessels, spleen, thymus, lymph nodes, and
tonsils
lymphatic functions - Answer returns proteins and fluids to the blood, carries lipids
respiratory components - Answer lungs, trachea, bronchial tubes, pharynx, and larynx
respiratory functions - Answer transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood and carbon dioxide
from blood to exhaled air
digestive components - Answer mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver,
pancreas, anus
digestive functions - Answer achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food, absorbs
nutrients
urinary components - Answer kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
urinary functions - Answer produces, stores, and eliminates urine
reproductive components - Answer gonads, uterine tubes, mammary glands, etc.
reproductive functions - Answer gonads produce gametes to help form a new organism,
mammary glands produce milk, etc.
life processes in humans - Answer metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth,
differentiation, reproduction
homeostasis - Answer a condition of equilibrium, or balance, in the body's internal
environment
fluid in homeostasis - Answer extracellular fluid
, components of a feedback loop - Answer stimulus, receptor, control center, effector,
response
negative feedback loop - Answer a feedback loop that causes a system to change in the
opposite direction from which it is moving (example: change in blood pressure)
positive feedback loop - Answer a feedback loop in which change in a system is amplified
(example: pregnancy)
tissue - Answer a group of cells that usually have a common embryonic origin in an embryo
and function together to carry out specialized activities
4 basic types of tissue - Answer epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
cell junctions - Answer cells that are held together in a variety of ways; point of contact
between cells
tight junctions - Answer adjacent plasma membranes with intercellular space between;
stands of transmembrane proteins on the sides
adherens junctions - Answer adjacent plasma membranes with microfilament (actin) along
the middle with plaque in between
desmosomes - Answer adjacent plasma membranes with plaque in the middle and keratin
on the sides (crazy looking)
hemidesmosomes - Answer attach epithelial cells to the basement membrane with keratin
on the top
gap junctions - Answer adjacent plasma membranes with connexons and gaps between
epithelial tissue - Answer cells arranged in sheets and are densely packed, many cell
junctions present, attaches to basement membrane, avascular with nerve supply, mitosis occurs
frequently
epithelial cell diagram - Answer
