NURS 6501 Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam
Simulation (2025 Format) Walden University New Latest
Version with All Questions from Actual Exam
FINAL EXAM SIMULATION (30 QUESTIONS)
Multiple choice with expanded rationales
1. Which cellular adaptation occurs when cells increase in size due to increased
workload?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Dysplasia
✅ Correct Answer: C
Rationale:
Hypertrophy = ↑ cell size (e.g., left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension).
Hyperplasia = ↑ cell number.
2. The MOST common cause of reversible cell injury is:
A. Genetic mutation
B. Hypoxia
C. Apoptosis
D. Autoimmune disease
✅ Correct Answer: B
,Key concept:
Hypoxia → ↓ ATP → cell swelling → reversible injury.
3. Which condition represents irreversible cell injury?
A. Cellular swelling
B. Fatty change
C. Membrane rupture
D. Mitochondrial swelling
✅ Correct Answer: C
4. In acute inflammation, which cell type arrives FIRST?
A. Lymphocytes
B. Macrophages
C. Neutrophils
D. Eosinophils
✅ Correct Answer: C
5. The primary function of macrophages is to:
A. Produce antibodies
B. Release histamine
C. Phagocytose and present antigen
D. Produce clotting factors
✅ Correct Answer: C
6. Which cytokine is MOST responsible for fever?
A. IL-10
B. TNF-α
, C. IL-1
D. Interferon
✅ Correct Answer: C
7. Metabolic acidosis is characterized by:
A. Increased pH and increased HCO₃⁻
B. Decreased pH and decreased HCO₃⁻
C. Increased pH and decreased CO₂
D. Decreased pH and increased CO₂
✅ Correct Answer: B
8. Diabetic ketoacidosis causes metabolic acidosis due to:
A. Increased lactic acid
B. Decreased insulin → fat breakdown → ketones
C. Renal bicarbonate retention
D. Respiratory compensation failure
✅ Correct Answer: B
9. Which condition causes respiratory alkalosis?
A. COPD
B. Diabetic ketoacidosis
C. Anxiety-induced hyperventilation
D. Opioid overdose
✅ Correct Answer: C
10. Left-sided heart failure leads to which primary complication?
Simulation (2025 Format) Walden University New Latest
Version with All Questions from Actual Exam
FINAL EXAM SIMULATION (30 QUESTIONS)
Multiple choice with expanded rationales
1. Which cellular adaptation occurs when cells increase in size due to increased
workload?
A. Hyperplasia
B. Metaplasia
C. Hypertrophy
D. Dysplasia
✅ Correct Answer: C
Rationale:
Hypertrophy = ↑ cell size (e.g., left ventricular hypertrophy in hypertension).
Hyperplasia = ↑ cell number.
2. The MOST common cause of reversible cell injury is:
A. Genetic mutation
B. Hypoxia
C. Apoptosis
D. Autoimmune disease
✅ Correct Answer: B
,Key concept:
Hypoxia → ↓ ATP → cell swelling → reversible injury.
3. Which condition represents irreversible cell injury?
A. Cellular swelling
B. Fatty change
C. Membrane rupture
D. Mitochondrial swelling
✅ Correct Answer: C
4. In acute inflammation, which cell type arrives FIRST?
A. Lymphocytes
B. Macrophages
C. Neutrophils
D. Eosinophils
✅ Correct Answer: C
5. The primary function of macrophages is to:
A. Produce antibodies
B. Release histamine
C. Phagocytose and present antigen
D. Produce clotting factors
✅ Correct Answer: C
6. Which cytokine is MOST responsible for fever?
A. IL-10
B. TNF-α
, C. IL-1
D. Interferon
✅ Correct Answer: C
7. Metabolic acidosis is characterized by:
A. Increased pH and increased HCO₃⁻
B. Decreased pH and decreased HCO₃⁻
C. Increased pH and decreased CO₂
D. Decreased pH and increased CO₂
✅ Correct Answer: B
8. Diabetic ketoacidosis causes metabolic acidosis due to:
A. Increased lactic acid
B. Decreased insulin → fat breakdown → ketones
C. Renal bicarbonate retention
D. Respiratory compensation failure
✅ Correct Answer: B
9. Which condition causes respiratory alkalosis?
A. COPD
B. Diabetic ketoacidosis
C. Anxiety-induced hyperventilation
D. Opioid overdose
✅ Correct Answer: C
10. Left-sided heart failure leads to which primary complication?
