PHARMACOLOGY A PATIENT CENTERED
NURSING PROCESS APPROACH EXAM 2026
VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND DETAILED
SOLUTIONS
◉ CaCl (calcium chloride)
Electolyte: Indications. Answer: Hyperkalemia
CCB overdose/BB overdose
Hypocalcemia
Hypermagnesemia
◉ CaCl (calcium chloride)
Electolyte: Dose. Answer: 500 - 1000 mg of 10% solution VERY SIVP
(no more than 100 mg/min) prn
Peds: 20 mg/kg over 10 min prn
◉ CaCl (calcium chloride)
Electolyte: Contraindications. Answer: Hypercalcemia
digitalis toxicity
renal calculi
,VF (accept in the setting of suspected hyperkalemia)
◉ CaCl (calcium chloride)
Electolyte: Cautions/notes. Answer: Monitor ECG/BP
Give slowly and stop if pt c/o discomfort
Avoid extravasiation as it can cause necrosis and sloughing of skin
(administer in a large bore catheter)
Do not administer with NaHCO3 (bicarb) as it will form a precipitate
◉ Clopidogrel (Plavix)
Platelet aggregation inhibitor: MOA. Answer: Inhibits binding of the
adenoise Diphosphate (ADP) to its platelet receptor and the
subsequent ADP mediated activation of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa
complex, thus inhibiting platelet aggregation
◉ Clopidogrel (Plavix)
Platelet aggregation inhibitor: Indications. Answer: STEMI
CVA
◉ Clopidogrel (Plavix)
Platelet aggregation inhibitor: Dose. Answer: 75 mg PO once daily
◉ Clopidogrel (Plavix)
,Platelet aggregation inhibitor: Contraindications. Answer: HSN
Active bleeding
Significant liver impairment or cholestatic jaundice (due to needing
liver activation form is CYP pathway)
History of hepatitis/long term ETOH abuse/jaundiced
Thrombotic thrombocytopenia
Suspected aortic dissection
◉ Acetaminophen (Tylenol, paracetamol)
Analgesic, Anti-pyretic: MOA. Answer: Acts on the hypothalamus to
produce antipyresis
may work peripherally to pain impulse generation, via inhibition of
prostaglandin synthesis in the CNS
Selective cyclooxygenase the enzyme needed to make
prostalgandins and related compounds in the CNS (limited effects
peripherally)
Prostaglandins are powerful locally acting vasodilators and inhibit
the aggregation of blood platelets as well as found in almost EVERY
tissue in the body. Through their role in vasodilation, prostaglandins
are also involved in inflammation. They are synthesized in the walls
of blood vessels and serve the physiological function of preventing
needless clot formation, as well as regulating the contraction of
smooth muscle tissue, nervous system transmission etc.
, ◉ Acetaminophen (Tylenol, paracetamol)
Analgesic, Anti-pyretic: Indications. Answer: Fever
Pain relief mild-moderate
◉ Acetaminophen (Tylenol, paracetamol)
Analgesic, Anti-pyretic: Dose. Answer: Varies
typically 325- 1000 mg Po q 4 hr prn
Peds: 10-20 mg/kg q 6-8 hrs
Toxic dose is more than 150 mg/kg or 12 g of acetaminophen
◉ Acetaminophen (Tylenol, paracetamol)
Analgesic, Anti-pyretic:. Answer: HSN
hepatitis/hepatic impairment, renal dysfunction/ severe alcoholism
history of hereditary angioedema
◉ Acetaminophen (Tylenol, paracetamol)
Analgesic, Anti-pyretic: Adverse affects. Answer: Angioedema
disorientation
dizziness
rash
NURSING PROCESS APPROACH EXAM 2026
VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND DETAILED
SOLUTIONS
◉ CaCl (calcium chloride)
Electolyte: Indications. Answer: Hyperkalemia
CCB overdose/BB overdose
Hypocalcemia
Hypermagnesemia
◉ CaCl (calcium chloride)
Electolyte: Dose. Answer: 500 - 1000 mg of 10% solution VERY SIVP
(no more than 100 mg/min) prn
Peds: 20 mg/kg over 10 min prn
◉ CaCl (calcium chloride)
Electolyte: Contraindications. Answer: Hypercalcemia
digitalis toxicity
renal calculi
,VF (accept in the setting of suspected hyperkalemia)
◉ CaCl (calcium chloride)
Electolyte: Cautions/notes. Answer: Monitor ECG/BP
Give slowly and stop if pt c/o discomfort
Avoid extravasiation as it can cause necrosis and sloughing of skin
(administer in a large bore catheter)
Do not administer with NaHCO3 (bicarb) as it will form a precipitate
◉ Clopidogrel (Plavix)
Platelet aggregation inhibitor: MOA. Answer: Inhibits binding of the
adenoise Diphosphate (ADP) to its platelet receptor and the
subsequent ADP mediated activation of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa
complex, thus inhibiting platelet aggregation
◉ Clopidogrel (Plavix)
Platelet aggregation inhibitor: Indications. Answer: STEMI
CVA
◉ Clopidogrel (Plavix)
Platelet aggregation inhibitor: Dose. Answer: 75 mg PO once daily
◉ Clopidogrel (Plavix)
,Platelet aggregation inhibitor: Contraindications. Answer: HSN
Active bleeding
Significant liver impairment or cholestatic jaundice (due to needing
liver activation form is CYP pathway)
History of hepatitis/long term ETOH abuse/jaundiced
Thrombotic thrombocytopenia
Suspected aortic dissection
◉ Acetaminophen (Tylenol, paracetamol)
Analgesic, Anti-pyretic: MOA. Answer: Acts on the hypothalamus to
produce antipyresis
may work peripherally to pain impulse generation, via inhibition of
prostaglandin synthesis in the CNS
Selective cyclooxygenase the enzyme needed to make
prostalgandins and related compounds in the CNS (limited effects
peripherally)
Prostaglandins are powerful locally acting vasodilators and inhibit
the aggregation of blood platelets as well as found in almost EVERY
tissue in the body. Through their role in vasodilation, prostaglandins
are also involved in inflammation. They are synthesized in the walls
of blood vessels and serve the physiological function of preventing
needless clot formation, as well as regulating the contraction of
smooth muscle tissue, nervous system transmission etc.
, ◉ Acetaminophen (Tylenol, paracetamol)
Analgesic, Anti-pyretic: Indications. Answer: Fever
Pain relief mild-moderate
◉ Acetaminophen (Tylenol, paracetamol)
Analgesic, Anti-pyretic: Dose. Answer: Varies
typically 325- 1000 mg Po q 4 hr prn
Peds: 10-20 mg/kg q 6-8 hrs
Toxic dose is more than 150 mg/kg or 12 g of acetaminophen
◉ Acetaminophen (Tylenol, paracetamol)
Analgesic, Anti-pyretic:. Answer: HSN
hepatitis/hepatic impairment, renal dysfunction/ severe alcoholism
history of hereditary angioedema
◉ Acetaminophen (Tylenol, paracetamol)
Analgesic, Anti-pyretic: Adverse affects. Answer: Angioedema
disorientation
dizziness
rash
