Nursedocs@2023
CHAPTER 1 #z
The Role of the
#z #z #z
#z Public Accountant in
#z #z
#z the
American Economy #z
Review # z Questions
1-1 The ―crisis of credibility‖ largely arose from the number of companies that restated their previously
issued financial statements as a result of accounting irregularities and fraud. Especially responsible were
the very visible Enron and WorldCom fraud cases. Both companies filed for bankruptcy and constituted
the largest companies in American history to do so. The extent of the accounting irregularities and fraud
being investigated and disclosed brought into question the effectiveness of financial statement audits. In
addition, the criminal conviction of Arthur Andersen, LLP, one of the then Big 5 accounting firms, on
charges of destroying documents related to the Enron case brought into question the ethics standards of
the profession.
1-2 Assurance services are professional services that enhance the quality of information, or its context, for
decision-making. The two types are: (a) those that increase the reliability of information and (b) those
that involve putting information in a form or context that facilitates decision-making.
1-3 A financial statement audit is, by far, the most common type of attest engagement. The overall assertion,
made by management, most frequently is that the financial statements follow generally accepted
accounting principles.
1-4 A large corporation with securities listed on a stock exchange is required by the rules of the stock
exchange and by the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission to provide an audit report with the
annual financial statements furnished to its stockholders. It also is required to engage the auditors to
provide an opinion on its internal control. Apart from legal requirements, however, a large listed
corporation recognizes that it must maintain investor confidence in the reliability of its financial
statements and internal control over financial reporting if it is to continue to be able to secure capital
from the public. The report by a firm of certified public accountants adds credibility to the financial
statements prepared by the corporation. When a small family-owned enterprise elects to have an audit,
the purpose usually is to use the auditors' report to support an application for a bank loan.
,Nursedocs@2023
1-5 A #zreport #zby #zan #zindependent #zpublic #zaccountant #zconcerning #zthe #zfairness #zof #za #zcompany's #zfinancial
#zstatements #zis #zcommonly #zrequired #zin #zthe #zfollowing #zsituations:
(1) Application #zfor #za #zbank #zloan.
(2) Establishing #zcredit #zfor #zpurchase #zof #zmerchandise, #zequipment, #zor #zother #zassets.
(3) Reporting #zoperating #zresults, #zfinancial #zposition, #zand #zcash #zflows #zto #zabsentee #zowners
#z(stockholders #zor #zpartners).
(4) Issuance #zof #zsecurities #zby #za #zcorporation.
(5) Annual #zfinancial #zstatements #zby #za #zcorporation #zwith #zsecurities #zlisted #zon #za #zstock #zexchange
#zor #ztraded #zover #zthe #zcounter.
(6) Sale #zof #zan #zongoing #zbusiness.
(7) Termination #zof #z a #zpartnership.
1-6 To #zadd #zcredibility #zto #zfinancial #zstatements #zis #zto #zincrease #zthe #zlikelihood #zthat #zthey #zhave #zbeen
#zprepared #zfollowing #zthe #zappropriate #zcriteria, #zusually #zgenerally #zaccepted #zaccounting #zprinciples. #zAs
#zsuch, #zan #zincrease #zin #zcredibility #zresults #zin #zfinancial #zstatements #zthat #zcan #zbe #zbelieved #zand #zrelied
#zupon #zby #zthird #zparties.
1-7 Business #zrisk #zis #zthe #zrisk #zthat #zthe #zinvestment #zwill #zbe #zimpaired #zbecause #za #zcompany #zinvested #zin
#zis #zunable #zto #zmeet #zits #zfinancial #zobligations #zdue #zto #zeconomic #zconditions #zor #zpoor #zmanagement
#zdecisions. #zInformation #zrisk #zis #zthe #zrisk #zthat #zthe #zinformation #zused #zto #zassess #zbusiness #zrisk #zis #znot
#zaccurate. #zAuditors #zcan #zdirectly #zreduce #zinformation #zrisk, #zbut #zhave #zonly #zlimited #zeffect #zon
#zbusiness #zrisk.
1-8 At #zthe #zbeginning #zof #zthe #zcentury, #zthe #zprincipal #zobjective #zof #zauditing #zwas #zthe #zprevention #zand
#zdetection #zof #zfraud. #zAudit #zwork #zcentered #zon #zthe #zbalance #zsheet, #zbecause #zthe #zincome #zstatement
#zwas #zregarded #zas #zhighly #zconfidential #zand #znot #zfor #zpublic #zdisclosure. # z Today, #zthe #zprincipal
#zobjective #zof #zauditing #zis #zto #zform #zan # z opinion #zon #zthe #zfairness #zof #zfinancial #zstatements #zand #ztheir
#zconformity #zwith #zgenerally #zaccepted #zaccounting #zprinciples. #zBut #zthe #zprofessional #zstandards #zalso
#zrequire #zthat #zan #zaudit #zbe #zdesigned #zto #zprovide #zreasonable #zassurance #zof #zdetecting #zmaterial
#zmisstatements, #zdue #zto #zerrors #zor #zfraud. # z Particular #zemphasis #zis #zplaced #zon #zthe #zincome
#zstatement #zwhich #zis #zof #zgreat #zimportance #zto #zinvestors. #zAuditing #ztoday #zalso #zhas #zthe #zobjectives #zof
#zmeeting #zthe #zrequirements #zof #zthe #zSecurities #zand #zExchange #zCommission #z(SEC) #zand #zthe #zPublic
#zCompany #zAccounting #zOversight #zBoard #zfor #zpublic #zcompanies.
1-9 The #zstatement #zis #zincorrect. #zThe #zincreasing #zintegrated #zdatabases #zof #ztoday, #zalong #zwith
#zavailable #zaudit #zprocedures # z make #zaudited #zentire #zpopulations # z a # z possibility #zin #zmany
#zsituations.
1-10 An #zoperational #zaudit #zattempts #zto #zmeasure #zthe #zeffectiveness #zand #zefficiency #zof #za #zspecific #zunit
#zof #zan #zorganization. #zIt #zinvolves #zmore #zsubjective #zjudgments #zthan #za #zcompliance #zaudit #zor #zan
#zaudit #zof #zfinancial #zstatements #zbecause #zthe #zcriteria #zof #zeffectiveness #zand #zefficiency #zof
#zdepartmental #zperformance #zare #znot #zas #zclearly #zestablished #zas #zare #zmany #zlaws #zand #zregulations
#zor #zgenerally #zaccepted #zaccounting #zprinciples.
The #zreport #zprepared #zafter #zcompletion #zof #zan #zoperational #zaudit #zis #zusually #zdirected #zto
#zmanagement #zof #zthe #zorganization #zin #zwhich #zthe #zaudit #zwork #zwas #zdone.
1-11 A #zcompliance #zaudit #zis #zan #zaudit #zto #zdetermine #zwhether #zfinancial #zreports #zor #zother #zassertions #zare
#zin #zcompliance #zwith #zestablished #zcriteria. #zThe #znecessary #zingredients #zare #zverifiable #zdata #zand #zthe
#zexistence #zof #zstandards #zestablished #zby #zan #zauthoritative #zbody. #zAn #zoperational #zaudit, #zon #zthe
#zother #zhand, #zis #za #zreview #zof #za #zdepartment #zor #zother #zunit #zof #za #zbusiness #zor #zgovernmental
#zorganization #zto #zmeasure #zthe #zeffectiveness #zand #zefficiency #zof #zoperations. #zInternal #zauditors #zoften
#zperform #zoperational #zaudits #zas #zdo #zauditors #zemployed #zby #zthe #zGovernment # z Accountability
#zOffice #z(GAO) # z of # z the #zfederal # z government.
1-12 Internal #zauditors #zmust #zbe #zindependent #zof #zthe #zdepartment #zheads #zand #zother #zline #zexecutives #zwhose
,Nursedocs@2023
#z work #zthey #zreview. #zHowever, #zinternal #zauditors #zare #znot #zindependent #zin #zthe #zsame #zsense #zas #za
#z public #zaccounting #zfirm.
The #zpublic #zaccounting #zfirm #zserves #zmany #zclients #zand #zthe #zrevenue #zobtained #zfrom #zany #zone #zclient
#zis #zonly #za #zsmall #zpart #zof #zthe #zrevenue #zof #zthe #zfirm. #zInternal #zauditors, #zon #zthe #zother #zhand, #zare
#zemployees #zof #zone #zcompany, #zand #zare #zsubject #zto #zthe #zrestraints #zinherent #zin #zthe #zemployer-
employee #zrelationship. #zInternal #zauditors #zcan #zachieve #za #zgreat #zdeal #zof #zindependence #zby #zreporting
#zto #zthe #zaudit #zcommittee #zof #zthe #zboard #zof #zdirectors, #zbut #zthey #zcannot #zachieve #zthe #zsame #zdegree #zof
#zindependence #zas #zis #zpossessed #zby #zthe #zexternal #zpublic #zaccounting #zfirm.
1-13 The #zinternal #zauditors #zare #zemployees #zof #zSpacecraft, #zInc., #zand #zmay #zbe #zinfluenced #zby #zcorporate
#zmanagement.
The #zpublic #zaccounting #zfirm #zis #zindependent #zof #zthe #zcompany #zand #zis #zin #za #zbetter #zposition #zto #ztake
#zpositions #zopposed #zto #zthose #zof #zcompany #zmanagement. #zThe #zwork #zof #zthe #zinternal #zaudit #zstaff
#zemphasizes #zmeasurement #zof #zthe #zefficiency #zand #zeffectiveness #zof #zvarious #zoperating #zunits #zof #zthe
#zcompany #zand #zcompliance #zwith #zall #ztypes #zof #zcontrols, #zwhereas #zthe #zpublic #zaccounting #zfirm #zis
#zprimarily #zconcerned #zwith #zdetermining #zthe #zfairness #zof #zSpacecraft's #zfinancial #zstatements.
1-14 The #zGovernment #zAccountability #zOffice #z(GAO) #zis #za #zstaff #zof #zprofessional #zauditors #zwhich #zreports
#zto #zCongress. #zIts #zfunction #zis #zto #zdetermine #zthat #zprograms #zcarried #zout #zby #zfederal #zagencies
#zconform #zto #zthe #zfinancial #zauthorization #zof #zthe #zCongress. #zIt #zis #zalso #zconcerned #zwith #zthe #zcost-
effectiveness #zof #zgovernment #zprograms. #zThe #zaudit #zactivities #zinclude #zinvestigation #zof #zthe #zcosts #zand
#zperformance #zof #zcorporations #zholding #zgovernment #zcontracts.
1-15 Among #zthe #zmany #zimportant #zcontributions #zto #zauditing #zliterature #zby #zthe #zAICPA #zare #zthe #zseries #zof
#zStatements #zon #zAuditing #zStandards #z(SASs), #zStatements #zon #zStandards #zfor #zAttestation #zEngagements
#z(SSAEs), #zIndustry #zAudit #zand #zAccounting #zGuides, #zAudit #zGuides, #zAudit #zRisk #zAlerts, #zStatements
#zon #zStandards #zfor #zAccounting #zand #zReview #zServices #z(SSARSs), #z, #zand #zthe #zCode #zof #zProfessional
#zConduct #z(only #ztwo #zrequired).
1-16 A #zpeer #zreview #zis #za #zcritical #zreview #zof #za #zpublic #zaccounting #zfirm's #zpractices #zby #zanother #zpublic
#zaccounting #zfirm #z(or #zother #zCPAs #zfunctioning #zas #za #zpeer #zreview #zteam). #zThe #zpurpose #zof #za
#zpeer #zreview #zis #zto #zencourage #zadherence #zto #zquality #zcontrol #zstandards #zestablished #zby #zthe
#zaccounting #zfirm #zand #zthe #zprofession.
1-17 The #zSecurities #zand #zExchange #zCommission #z(SEC) #zis #zan #zagency #zof #zthe #zfederal #zgovernment #zand #zis
#zresponsible #zfor #zadministering #za #znumber #zof #zacts, #zincluding #zthe #zSecurities #zAct #zof #z1933 #zand #zthe
#zSecurities #zExchange # z Act # z of # z 1934. # z In # z meeting # z this # z responsibility, # z the # z SEC # z reviews
# z financial # z statements # z of #zcompanies #zoffering #zsecurities #zfor #zsale #zto #zthe #zpublic. #zIt #zis #zparticularly
#zconcerned #zwith #zrequiring #zfull #zdisclosure #zof #zfinancial #zinformation #zand #zwith #zpreventing
#zmisrepresentation. #zThrough #zthe #zPublic #zCompany #zAccounting #zOversight #zBoard, #zthe #zSEC #znow
#zoversees #zpublic #zaccounting #zfirms #zthat #zaudit #zpublic #zcompanies. #zIncluded #zin #zthis #zoversight #zprocess
#zincludes #zdevelopment #zof #zauditing, #zindependence, #zand #zquality #zcontrol #zstandards; # z inspection # z of
# z performance; # z and #zenforcement # z of # z the #zstandards.
The #zAICPA #zis #zthe #znational #zorganization #zof #zcertified #zpublic #zaccountants. #zIt #zhas #zlong
#zbeen #za #zleader #zin #zaccounting #zand #zauditing #zresearch, #zin #zpublication #zof #zauthoritative #zaccounting
#zand #zauditing # z pronouncements # z and # z studies, # z and #zin #zpromoting # z high # z professional
# z standards # z of # z practice.
1-18 Services #zoffered #zby #zpublic #zaccounting #zfirms #zin #zaddition #zto #zauditing #zinclude #zother #zforms #zof
#zattestation, #ztax #zwork, #zconsulting #zservices, #zlitigation #zsupport #zservices, #zfraud #zinvestigation
#zservices, #zpersonal #zfinancial #zplanning #zand #zaccounting #zservices. #zThis #zlast #zcategory #zincludes
#zpreparation #zof #zfinancial #zstatements #zfor #zsmaller #zcompanies #zthat #zhave #zlimited #zaccounting
#zpersonnel #zand #zvarious #ztypes #zof #zwrite-up #zwork. #zPublic #zaccounting #zfirms #zalso #zperform #za #zvariety
#zof #zother #zservices. # z Consulting #zservices #zinclude #zaiding #zclients #zin #zthe #zdesign #zof #zaccounting
#zsystems, #zconversion #zto #zInformation #zTechnology #z(IT) #zsystems, #zpreparation #zof #zbudgets, #zplanning
#zbusiness #zcombinations #zwith #zother #zcompanies, #zexecutive #zsearch, #zand #znumerous #zother #zprojects.
, Nursedocs@2023
#z Public #zaccounting #zfirms #zare #zrestricted #zas #zto #zthe #zconsulting #zservices #zthat #zthey #zmay #zprovide #zto
#z audit #zclients #zthat #zare #zpublic #zcompanies.
1-19 The #zpartnership #zform #zof #zorganization #zfor #za #zpublic #zaccounting #zfirm #zoffers #zseveral #zadvantages
#zover #za #zsole #zproprietorship. #zA #zpartnership #zoffers #zthe #zopportunity #zfor #zspecialization #zby #zthe
#zpartners #zin #zareas #zsuch #zas #ztaxation, #zauditing, #zand #zconsulting #zservices. #zPartners #zcan #zdiscuss
#zdifficult #ztechnical #zproblems #zamong #zthemselves, #zand #zbenefit #zfrom #zdifferent #zperspectives. #zAlso,
#zthe #zpartnership #zmay #zbe #zbetter #zable #zto #zattract #zand #zretain #zhigh #zquality #zprofessional #zstaff,
#zbecause #zthey #zmay #zbe #zrewarded #zby #zacceptance #zinto #zthe #zpartnership.
1-20 The #zfollowing #zcharacteristics #z of #za #zprofessional #zcorporation #zdistinguish #zit #zfrom #zthe #ztraditional #zcorporation:
(1) All #zshareholders #zmust #zbe #zengaged #zin #zthe #zpractice #zof #zpublic #zaccounting.
(2) To #zthe #zextent #zpossible, #zdirectors #zand #zofficers #zshould #zbe #zcertified #zpublic #zaccountants.
(3) Shares #zof #za #zprofessional #zcorporation #zmay #zbe #ztransferred #zonly #zto #zthose #zengaged
#zin #zpublic #zaccounting #zor #zto #zthe #zcorporation #zitself.
(4) The #zcorporation's #zshareholders #zand #zemployees #zhave #zliability #zequivalent #zto #zother #zforms
#zof #zorganizations #z(i.e., #zthe #zcorporate #zform #zof #zorganization #zdoes #znot #zreduce #zliability).
#zNote, #zhowever, #zthat #zCPAs #zmay #zchoose #zto #zpurchase #zliability #zinsurance #zto #zlimit
#zpotential #zliability.
1-21 Local #zfirms #zusually #zhave #zonly #zone #zor #ztwo #zoffices, #zare #zheaded #zby #za #zsingle #zCPA #zor #zhave #za
#zfew #zCPAs #zas #zpartners, #zand #zserve #zclients #zin #za #zsingle #zcity #zor #zarea. #zThe #zservices #zprovided
#zare #zmostly #zincome #ztax #zwork, #zconsulting #zservices, #zand #zaccounting #zservices. #zAuditing #zis
#zoften #zonly #za #zsmall #zpart #zof #zthe #zpractice.
Regional #zfirms #zoften #zarise #zfrom #zthe #zmerger #zand #zexpansion #zof #zlocal #zfirms. #zThey #ztypically
#zmaintain #zseveral #zoffices #zin #zneighboring #zcities #zand #zstates. #zAuditing #zis #za #zmore #zimportant
#zfunction #zfor #zregional #zfirms #zthan #zfor #zthe #zlocal #zfirms, # z because #zlarger # z businesses # z are #zincluded
#zamong #zthe #zclients.
National #zfirms #zhave #zoffices #zin #zmost #zmajor #zcities #zin #zthe #zUnited #zStates #zand #zsome #zoperate
#zin #zother #zcountries #zas #zwell. #zThese #zfirms #zoffer #za #zfull #zrange #zof #zservices, #zwith #zauditing #zoften
#zrepresenting #zthe #zlargest #zsingle #zportion #zof #zthe #zpractice.
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#zpractice.
1-22 The #zvarious #zlevels #zof #zaccounting #zpersonnel #zin #za #zlarge #zpublic #zaccounting #zfirm #zare #zstaff
#zauditors, #zsenior #zauditors, # z managers # z or # z supervisors, # z and #zpartners # z (and #zprincipals).
The #zstaff #zauditor #zperforms #zaudit #zprocedures #zsuch #zas #zthe #zobservation #zof #zphysical
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#zauditor #zplans #zand #zcoordinates #zthe #zaudit #zand #zdrafts #zthe #zaudit #zreport. #zThe #zsenior #zalso #zreviews
#zworking #zpapers, #zcontrols #zthe #zallocation #zof #zaudit #ztime, #zand #ztrains #zassistants #zon #zthe #zjob. #zThe
#zmanager #zor #zsupervisor #zusually #zis #zresponsible #zfor #zsupervising #zand #zreviewing #zseveral #zaudit
#zengagements #zconcurrently, #zand #zresolving #zsignificant #zproblems #zwith #zthe #zclient. #zThe #zpartners
#zmaintain #zcontacts #zwith #zclients, #zdevelop #znew #zbusiness, #zestablish #zpolicies #zof #zthe #zfirm, #zreview
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#zfor #zperformance #zof #zthe #zaudit #zin #zaccordance #zwith #zprofessional #zstandards. #zA #zpartner #zalso
#zdevotes #ztime #zto #zthe #zrecruitment #zand #zdevelopment #zof #zstaff, #zto #zAICPA #zand #zother #zprofessional
#zgroup #zactivities, #zto #zeducational #zand #zother #zcivic #zactivities, #zand #zgenerally #zto #zpromoting #zan
#zenvironment #zin #zwhich #zthe #zfirm #zcan #zprosper. #zThe #zposition #zof #zprincipal, #zwhich #zis #zoften #zheld
#zby #ztop-ranking #zconsulting #zpersonnel #zwho #zdo #znot # z hold #zthe #zCPA # z certificate, #zhas
# z responsibilities # z similar # z to #zthose #zof # z a #zpartner.
1-23 The #zmost #zsignificant #zresponsibilities #zof #za #zpartner #zin #za #zpublic #zaccounting #zfirm #zinclude #z(only #zthree
#zrequired:
Assume #zultimate #zresponsibility #zfor #zthe #zaudits #zassigned #zto #zhim #zor #zher
CHAPTER 1 #z
The Role of the
#z #z #z
#z Public Accountant in
#z #z
#z the
American Economy #z
Review # z Questions
1-1 The ―crisis of credibility‖ largely arose from the number of companies that restated their previously
issued financial statements as a result of accounting irregularities and fraud. Especially responsible were
the very visible Enron and WorldCom fraud cases. Both companies filed for bankruptcy and constituted
the largest companies in American history to do so. The extent of the accounting irregularities and fraud
being investigated and disclosed brought into question the effectiveness of financial statement audits. In
addition, the criminal conviction of Arthur Andersen, LLP, one of the then Big 5 accounting firms, on
charges of destroying documents related to the Enron case brought into question the ethics standards of
the profession.
1-2 Assurance services are professional services that enhance the quality of information, or its context, for
decision-making. The two types are: (a) those that increase the reliability of information and (b) those
that involve putting information in a form or context that facilitates decision-making.
1-3 A financial statement audit is, by far, the most common type of attest engagement. The overall assertion,
made by management, most frequently is that the financial statements follow generally accepted
accounting principles.
1-4 A large corporation with securities listed on a stock exchange is required by the rules of the stock
exchange and by the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission to provide an audit report with the
annual financial statements furnished to its stockholders. It also is required to engage the auditors to
provide an opinion on its internal control. Apart from legal requirements, however, a large listed
corporation recognizes that it must maintain investor confidence in the reliability of its financial
statements and internal control over financial reporting if it is to continue to be able to secure capital
from the public. The report by a firm of certified public accountants adds credibility to the financial
statements prepared by the corporation. When a small family-owned enterprise elects to have an audit,
the purpose usually is to use the auditors' report to support an application for a bank loan.
,Nursedocs@2023
1-5 A #zreport #zby #zan #zindependent #zpublic #zaccountant #zconcerning #zthe #zfairness #zof #za #zcompany's #zfinancial
#zstatements #zis #zcommonly #zrequired #zin #zthe #zfollowing #zsituations:
(1) Application #zfor #za #zbank #zloan.
(2) Establishing #zcredit #zfor #zpurchase #zof #zmerchandise, #zequipment, #zor #zother #zassets.
(3) Reporting #zoperating #zresults, #zfinancial #zposition, #zand #zcash #zflows #zto #zabsentee #zowners
#z(stockholders #zor #zpartners).
(4) Issuance #zof #zsecurities #zby #za #zcorporation.
(5) Annual #zfinancial #zstatements #zby #za #zcorporation #zwith #zsecurities #zlisted #zon #za #zstock #zexchange
#zor #ztraded #zover #zthe #zcounter.
(6) Sale #zof #zan #zongoing #zbusiness.
(7) Termination #zof #z a #zpartnership.
1-6 To #zadd #zcredibility #zto #zfinancial #zstatements #zis #zto #zincrease #zthe #zlikelihood #zthat #zthey #zhave #zbeen
#zprepared #zfollowing #zthe #zappropriate #zcriteria, #zusually #zgenerally #zaccepted #zaccounting #zprinciples. #zAs
#zsuch, #zan #zincrease #zin #zcredibility #zresults #zin #zfinancial #zstatements #zthat #zcan #zbe #zbelieved #zand #zrelied
#zupon #zby #zthird #zparties.
1-7 Business #zrisk #zis #zthe #zrisk #zthat #zthe #zinvestment #zwill #zbe #zimpaired #zbecause #za #zcompany #zinvested #zin
#zis #zunable #zto #zmeet #zits #zfinancial #zobligations #zdue #zto #zeconomic #zconditions #zor #zpoor #zmanagement
#zdecisions. #zInformation #zrisk #zis #zthe #zrisk #zthat #zthe #zinformation #zused #zto #zassess #zbusiness #zrisk #zis #znot
#zaccurate. #zAuditors #zcan #zdirectly #zreduce #zinformation #zrisk, #zbut #zhave #zonly #zlimited #zeffect #zon
#zbusiness #zrisk.
1-8 At #zthe #zbeginning #zof #zthe #zcentury, #zthe #zprincipal #zobjective #zof #zauditing #zwas #zthe #zprevention #zand
#zdetection #zof #zfraud. #zAudit #zwork #zcentered #zon #zthe #zbalance #zsheet, #zbecause #zthe #zincome #zstatement
#zwas #zregarded #zas #zhighly #zconfidential #zand #znot #zfor #zpublic #zdisclosure. # z Today, #zthe #zprincipal
#zobjective #zof #zauditing #zis #zto #zform #zan # z opinion #zon #zthe #zfairness #zof #zfinancial #zstatements #zand #ztheir
#zconformity #zwith #zgenerally #zaccepted #zaccounting #zprinciples. #zBut #zthe #zprofessional #zstandards #zalso
#zrequire #zthat #zan #zaudit #zbe #zdesigned #zto #zprovide #zreasonable #zassurance #zof #zdetecting #zmaterial
#zmisstatements, #zdue #zto #zerrors #zor #zfraud. # z Particular #zemphasis #zis #zplaced #zon #zthe #zincome
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