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Biology Final Exam (100+ Q&A) – Bio 140 | Microbiology, Immunity, Vaccines, HIV/AIDS

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This comprehensive final exam study guide includes over 100 verified questions and answers for BIO 140 – Microbiology and Human Biology (2025/2026), offering full coverage of key microbiological principles, lab techniques, infectious diseases, and immune responses. It is designed to prepare students for a cumulative final by reinforcing both foundational knowledge and applied concepts from throughout the course. Key topics covered: History of microbiology: Major contributors like Robert Hooke, Louis Pasteur, Koch, and Fleming Cell structure and function: Bacteria, viruses, cell walls, endospores, and growth conditions Laboratory techniques: Microscopy types (e.g., darkfield, fluorescence), Gram staining, acid-fast stain, culture media Microbial metabolism: Aerobic and anaerobic respiration, fermentation, phosphorylation types, growth phases Virology: Virus structure, replication cycles, identification, and classifications (e.g., retroviruses, latent infections) Immunology: Hypersensitivity types I-IV, vaccine types (e.g., subunit, conjugate, toxoid, nucleic acid), herd immunity, and immune disorders HIV/AIDS: Transmission, diagnosis, treatment (HAART), clinical stages, and immune cell targeting Antimicrobial drugs: Mechanisms of action, resistance factors, specific antibiotics and antifungals Infection control and sterilization: Heat methods, filtration, radiation, chemical disinfectants, and antiseptics This document is best suited for students in: Introductory biology or microbiology courses Pre-nursing, pre-med, public health, biotechnology, and health sciences programs Allied health or lab tech programs preparing for certification exams Anyone reviewing core microbiological and immunological concepts before finals Presented in a fast-paced Q&A format, this material is ideal for self-testing, flashcard review, and final exam preparation. Keywords: bio 140, microbiology final, vaccines, HIV, antibiotics, gram staining, Koch’s postulates, Pasteur, virology, immunology, fermentation, virus structure, TB test, bacterial growth, hypersensitivity, herd immunity, sterilization, antimicrobial resistance, immunotherapy

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Bio 140 Final 2025/2026 Exam Questions
with 100% Correct Answers | Latest
Update



Robert Hooke - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔first to observe "small chambers" in cork

and call them cells.


Anton van Leeuwenhoek - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔made first simple microscope


marked beginning of bacteriology


Franisco Redi - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔questioned spontaneous generation via

meat fly experiment


Carl Woese - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔three domain based on r RNA (eukarya,

bacteria, archaea)

,John Needham - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Heated broth in sealed flasks.When the

broth became cloudy with microorganisms, he mistakenly concluded that

they developed spontaneously from the broth




wrong lol


Lazzaro Spallanzani - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔showed that a sealed flask of meat

broth sterilized by boiling failed to grow microbes




disproved theory of spontaneous generation


edward jenner - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Developed a vaccine for smallpox in 1796


Ignaz Semmelweis - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔advocated hand washing to prevent

transmission of puerperal fever from one OB patient to another


John Lister - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔started using disinfectants and antiseptics

during surgery to prevent infections in 1865 (carbolic acid)


robert koch - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔proved germ theory of disease via koch

postulates

,provided proof that bacillus anthracis causes anthrax


Alexander Fleming - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔discovered penicillin


rebecca lancefield - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔classified streptococci based on their

cell wall components


algae have what in there cell walls - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔eukaryotes, cellulose

cell walls, use energy for photosynthesis


biogenesis - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔development of life from preexisting life




comes from rudolf virchow


spontaneous generation - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔Hypothesis stating that life could

arise from nonliving matter.


Louis Pasteur - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔A French chemist, this man discovered that

heat could kill bacteria that otherwise spoiled liquids including milk, wine,

and beer (pasteurization)




demonstrated that microbes are present in air via s shaped flask




COPYRIGHT©JOSHCLAY 2025/2026. YEAR PUBLISHED 2025. COMPANY REGISTRATION NUMBER: 619652435. TERMS OF USE. PRIVACY
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STATEMENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

, hypothesize germ theory of disease




led to the development of aseptic technique




discovered fermentation




vaccine against cholera in hens


pasteurization - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔63 degrees celsius for 30 minutes


means of food safety


koch postulates - 🧠ANSWER ✔✔1) Pathogen must be present in all

disease cases




2) Isolate pathogen, cultivate in pure culture




3) Inoculate into susceptible animal, initiate disease symptoms

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