MD3 EXAM 2 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
2026 COMPLETE REVIEW SET WITH
SOLVED QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS
⩥ 2. Which of the following is inconsistent with the diagno-
sis of Graves' disease?
A) Increased heart rate
B) Exophthalmos
C) Increased plasma levels of triiodothyronine (T3)
D) Increased plasma levels of thyroxine (T4)
E) Increased plasma levels of thyroid-stimulating
hormone. Answer: E) Increased plasma levels of thyroid-stimulating
hormone
⩥ 3. Which of the following statements about antidiuretic
hormone is true?
A) It is synthesized in the posterior pituitary gland
B) It increases salt and water reabsorption in the col-
lecting tubules and ducts
C) It stimulates thirst
, D) It has opposite effects on urine and plasma osmolality. Answer: D) It
has opposite effects on urine and plasma osmolality
⩥ 4. After menopause, hormone replacement therapy with
estrogen-like compounds is effective in preventing the
progression of osteoporosis. What is the mechanism of
their protective effect?
A) They stimulate the activity of osteoblasts
B) They increase absorption of calcium from the gas-
trointestinal tract
C) They stimulate calcium reabsorption by the renal
tubules
D) They stimulate parathyroid hormone secretion by
the parathyroid gland. Answer: A) They stimulate the activity of
osteoblasts
⩥ 5. Within minutes following a normal delivery, flow
through the foramen ovale decreases dramatically.
What is the cause of this change?
A) Increased formation of prostaglandin E2 in the
endocardium
B) Increased rate of flow through the pulmonary artery
,C) Increased left atrial pressure
D) Increased right atrial pressure
E) Increased Po2. Answer: C) Increased left atrial pressure
⩥ 6. In the figure, which lines most likely illustrate these
relationships in a patient with type 2 diabetes?
A) A and C
B) A and D
C) B and C
D) B and D. Answer: C) B and C
⩥ 7. In the figure, which lines most likely illustrate these
relationships in a patient with acromegaly?
A) A and C
B) A and D
C) B and C
D) B and D. Answer: C) B and C
⩥ 8. In the figure, line D most likely illustrates the influence
of which of the following?
A) Exercise
B) Obesity
, C) Growth hormone
D) Cortisol
E) Glucagon. Answer: A) Exercise
⩥ 9. One treatment for erectile dysfunction requires the
injection of a substance into the corpora cavernosa of
the penis. The injection of which of the following
causes an erection?
A) Norepinephrine
B) A substance that inhibits formation of nitric oxide
C) Thromboxane A2, which is a vasoconstrictor pros-
taglandin
D) Angiotensin II
E) None of the above. Answer: E) None of the above
⩥ 10. A baby is born with a penis, a scrotum with no testes,
no vagina, and XX chromosomes. This condition is
referred to as hermaphroditism. Which of the follow-
ing could cause this abnormality?
A) Abnormally high levels of human chorionic
gonadotropin production by the trophoblast cells
B) The presence of a testosterone-secreting tumor in
2026 COMPLETE REVIEW SET WITH
SOLVED QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS
⩥ 2. Which of the following is inconsistent with the diagno-
sis of Graves' disease?
A) Increased heart rate
B) Exophthalmos
C) Increased plasma levels of triiodothyronine (T3)
D) Increased plasma levels of thyroxine (T4)
E) Increased plasma levels of thyroid-stimulating
hormone. Answer: E) Increased plasma levels of thyroid-stimulating
hormone
⩥ 3. Which of the following statements about antidiuretic
hormone is true?
A) It is synthesized in the posterior pituitary gland
B) It increases salt and water reabsorption in the col-
lecting tubules and ducts
C) It stimulates thirst
, D) It has opposite effects on urine and plasma osmolality. Answer: D) It
has opposite effects on urine and plasma osmolality
⩥ 4. After menopause, hormone replacement therapy with
estrogen-like compounds is effective in preventing the
progression of osteoporosis. What is the mechanism of
their protective effect?
A) They stimulate the activity of osteoblasts
B) They increase absorption of calcium from the gas-
trointestinal tract
C) They stimulate calcium reabsorption by the renal
tubules
D) They stimulate parathyroid hormone secretion by
the parathyroid gland. Answer: A) They stimulate the activity of
osteoblasts
⩥ 5. Within minutes following a normal delivery, flow
through the foramen ovale decreases dramatically.
What is the cause of this change?
A) Increased formation of prostaglandin E2 in the
endocardium
B) Increased rate of flow through the pulmonary artery
,C) Increased left atrial pressure
D) Increased right atrial pressure
E) Increased Po2. Answer: C) Increased left atrial pressure
⩥ 6. In the figure, which lines most likely illustrate these
relationships in a patient with type 2 diabetes?
A) A and C
B) A and D
C) B and C
D) B and D. Answer: C) B and C
⩥ 7. In the figure, which lines most likely illustrate these
relationships in a patient with acromegaly?
A) A and C
B) A and D
C) B and C
D) B and D. Answer: C) B and C
⩥ 8. In the figure, line D most likely illustrates the influence
of which of the following?
A) Exercise
B) Obesity
, C) Growth hormone
D) Cortisol
E) Glucagon. Answer: A) Exercise
⩥ 9. One treatment for erectile dysfunction requires the
injection of a substance into the corpora cavernosa of
the penis. The injection of which of the following
causes an erection?
A) Norepinephrine
B) A substance that inhibits formation of nitric oxide
C) Thromboxane A2, which is a vasoconstrictor pros-
taglandin
D) Angiotensin II
E) None of the above. Answer: E) None of the above
⩥ 10. A baby is born with a penis, a scrotum with no testes,
no vagina, and XX chromosomes. This condition is
referred to as hermaphroditism. Which of the follow-
ing could cause this abnormality?
A) Abnormally high levels of human chorionic
gonadotropin production by the trophoblast cells
B) The presence of a testosterone-secreting tumor in
