MD3 EXAM 2 FINAL EXAM SCRIPT 2026
MOST TESTED QUESTIONS WITH
ACCURATE ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ kidneys located? Answer: Kidneys: retroperitoneal organ located
along the posterior abdominal wall about T12-L3 vertebrae
---> Partially protected by rib cage so if surgery is needed it is
performed posteriorly
⩥ kidneys layers (in>>>out order) Answer: 1. Fibrous capsule (inner) :
dense CT directly lining kidneys inhibiting spread of infections
Retroperitoneal organ: located behind parietal paritoneum (outer layer of
abdominopelvic cavity) not within
2. Perireneal fat capsule (middle) : thick yellow external to renal
capsule/fibrous capsule
3. Renal fascia (outer): external to perirenal fat capsule that covers
kidneys and contains pararenal fat
---> Connects kidney to posterior abdominal wall
⩥ hillium Answer: where vessels, ureter, & nerves enter exit
⩥ ureter Answer: carries urine out to urinary bladder
, ⩥ renal arteries (1) Answer: main artery entering kidney
⩥ interlobar arteries (2) Answer: branches of renal artery that go into
each segment
⩥ arcuate arteries (3) Answer: smallest branch of interlobar artery that
branches into aeolus arteries
⩥ What is the renal cortex? Answer: The peripheral/outer layer of the
inside of the kidney.
⩥ What is the renal medulla? Answer: The area underneath the renal
cortex.
⩥ What are pyramids in the kidney? Answer: Projections where urine is
secreted into calices.
⩥ What is the function of the renal pelvis? Answer: It collects urine from
smaller calices and drains into the ureter.
⩥ What are minor calices? Answer: Small collecting ducts that receive
urine from the renal medulla.
MOST TESTED QUESTIONS WITH
ACCURATE ANSWERS GRADED A+
⩥ kidneys located? Answer: Kidneys: retroperitoneal organ located
along the posterior abdominal wall about T12-L3 vertebrae
---> Partially protected by rib cage so if surgery is needed it is
performed posteriorly
⩥ kidneys layers (in>>>out order) Answer: 1. Fibrous capsule (inner) :
dense CT directly lining kidneys inhibiting spread of infections
Retroperitoneal organ: located behind parietal paritoneum (outer layer of
abdominopelvic cavity) not within
2. Perireneal fat capsule (middle) : thick yellow external to renal
capsule/fibrous capsule
3. Renal fascia (outer): external to perirenal fat capsule that covers
kidneys and contains pararenal fat
---> Connects kidney to posterior abdominal wall
⩥ hillium Answer: where vessels, ureter, & nerves enter exit
⩥ ureter Answer: carries urine out to urinary bladder
, ⩥ renal arteries (1) Answer: main artery entering kidney
⩥ interlobar arteries (2) Answer: branches of renal artery that go into
each segment
⩥ arcuate arteries (3) Answer: smallest branch of interlobar artery that
branches into aeolus arteries
⩥ What is the renal cortex? Answer: The peripheral/outer layer of the
inside of the kidney.
⩥ What is the renal medulla? Answer: The area underneath the renal
cortex.
⩥ What are pyramids in the kidney? Answer: Projections where urine is
secreted into calices.
⩥ What is the function of the renal pelvis? Answer: It collects urine from
smaller calices and drains into the ureter.
⩥ What are minor calices? Answer: Small collecting ducts that receive
urine from the renal medulla.
