NURS 304 – Pathophysiology Questions With Complete
Solutions
•The 1000 Genomes Project Correct Answers •Completed in
2015; sequenced genomes of over 1000 anonymous but self-
identified "healthy" individuals from around the world
•goal was to create the largest public catalogue of human
variation and genotype data
•almost all variants, including SNPs, structural variants, and
their haplotype contexts
Acute conditions: Correct Answers Rapid onset (develop
quickly), usually over hours to days; usually of short duration;
may have severe manifestation, but not always (short-lived)
- Examples: "Strep throat" (oropharyngeal infection with Group
A beta-hemolytic strep) ; common cold, influenza and so on
Acute phase: Correct Answers Disease/illness reaches its full
intensity
Adaptation, coping and illness Correct Answers - Stress is
personal - individual responses change with time and
circumstances
- Effects of stress response influenced by numerous individual
characteristics
Adaptation: Correct Answers Biopsychosocial process of
change/responses to challenges of physical or psychological
stress (internal or external in origin) and to return to a balanced
state
,Aging Correct Answers - No single process explains all the
changes of aging. Many theories.
- Senescence of the organ systems
- Cellular aging
- Some cells atrophy, diminished function, less able to replicate
and repair, telomeres shorten
- Accumulation of error
- Tissue and systemic aging
- Sarcopenia
- "Lifelong health" has important contribution to "aging
successfully" - healthy eating habits and daily routine physical
activity;
- protect hearing!!!; protect vision (nutrition/exercise,
sunglasses, etc)
- Frailty - a "geriatric syndrome" (not unique to the elderly)
- Mobility, balance, muscle strength, motor activity, cognition,
nutrition, endurance, falls, fractures, and bone density
Allostatic overload: Correct Answers Inadequate adaptation
mechanisms; excessive stress; chronic repeated activations of
the stress response lead to exhaustion... an inability to maintain
homeostasis
- Chemical mediators from the stress response itself contribute
to various illnesses and disorders, both physical and emotional
- Chronic/excessive exposures to cortisol, catecholamines,
cytokines induce "wear and tear"
An example of clinical manifestations (heart disease): (not sure
if this slide is needed or if she was just giving examples) Correct
,Answers Clinical manifestations of heart disease (diseased
blood vessels)
- Symptoms may include:
- Chest pain, chest tightness, chest pressure and chest discomfort
(angina)
- Shortness of breath
- Pain, numbness, weakness or coldness in your legs or arms if
the blood vessels in those parts of your body are narrowed
- Pain in the neck, jaw, throat, upper abdomen or back
Coronary artery disease symptoms may be different for men and
women.
- For instance, men are more likely to have chest pain.
- Women are more likely to have other signs and symptoms
along with chest discomfort, such as shortness of breath, nausea
and extreme fatigue.https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-
conditions/heart-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353118
- Women, older adults and people with diabetes are more likely
to have "nonclassic" or "atypical" signs of chest pain
Signs of ischemic heart disease might include EKG changes
Apoptosis Correct Answers The controlled process of cellular
self-destruction often described as "programmed cell death".
- Normal process to selectively eliminate cells that are worn out;
have been produced in excess; have developed improperly; or
have genetic damage
- Occurs in an organized manner; characterized by "dropping
off" of cellular fragments called apoptotic bodies. Apoptosis can
result from physiological or pathological events.
, Are X-linked dominant disorders more common than recessive
disorders? Correct Answers No
Atrophy Correct Answers The decrease in cell size: if many
cells atrophy, the entire organ can shrink!
Most often observed in skeletal muscle, the heart, secondary sex
organs and the brain
Examples
Physiologic
- Many examples during organogenesis & embryonic
development
¢thymus gland atrophies beginning in youth
- Post-menopausal ovaries
Pathologic - caused by decreases in workload; changes in
pressure or use; impaired blood supply; ↓nutrition or
malnutrition; hormonal stimulation; loss of nervous stimulation
- Immobility due to prolonged bedrest or cast (disuse atrophy)
- Clogged ducts of exocrine glands (cystic fibrosis)
Autophagy Correct Answers - Self-destructive survival
mechanism
- Cellular stresses, such as nutrient deprivation, activate
autophagy genes.
- Cytoplasmic contents (eg organelles) are sequestered, then
delivered to lysosomes for degradation in vacuoles.
- Digested materials are recycled to provide nutrients for the
cell.
- Contributes to the aging process
Solutions
•The 1000 Genomes Project Correct Answers •Completed in
2015; sequenced genomes of over 1000 anonymous but self-
identified "healthy" individuals from around the world
•goal was to create the largest public catalogue of human
variation and genotype data
•almost all variants, including SNPs, structural variants, and
their haplotype contexts
Acute conditions: Correct Answers Rapid onset (develop
quickly), usually over hours to days; usually of short duration;
may have severe manifestation, but not always (short-lived)
- Examples: "Strep throat" (oropharyngeal infection with Group
A beta-hemolytic strep) ; common cold, influenza and so on
Acute phase: Correct Answers Disease/illness reaches its full
intensity
Adaptation, coping and illness Correct Answers - Stress is
personal - individual responses change with time and
circumstances
- Effects of stress response influenced by numerous individual
characteristics
Adaptation: Correct Answers Biopsychosocial process of
change/responses to challenges of physical or psychological
stress (internal or external in origin) and to return to a balanced
state
,Aging Correct Answers - No single process explains all the
changes of aging. Many theories.
- Senescence of the organ systems
- Cellular aging
- Some cells atrophy, diminished function, less able to replicate
and repair, telomeres shorten
- Accumulation of error
- Tissue and systemic aging
- Sarcopenia
- "Lifelong health" has important contribution to "aging
successfully" - healthy eating habits and daily routine physical
activity;
- protect hearing!!!; protect vision (nutrition/exercise,
sunglasses, etc)
- Frailty - a "geriatric syndrome" (not unique to the elderly)
- Mobility, balance, muscle strength, motor activity, cognition,
nutrition, endurance, falls, fractures, and bone density
Allostatic overload: Correct Answers Inadequate adaptation
mechanisms; excessive stress; chronic repeated activations of
the stress response lead to exhaustion... an inability to maintain
homeostasis
- Chemical mediators from the stress response itself contribute
to various illnesses and disorders, both physical and emotional
- Chronic/excessive exposures to cortisol, catecholamines,
cytokines induce "wear and tear"
An example of clinical manifestations (heart disease): (not sure
if this slide is needed or if she was just giving examples) Correct
,Answers Clinical manifestations of heart disease (diseased
blood vessels)
- Symptoms may include:
- Chest pain, chest tightness, chest pressure and chest discomfort
(angina)
- Shortness of breath
- Pain, numbness, weakness or coldness in your legs or arms if
the blood vessels in those parts of your body are narrowed
- Pain in the neck, jaw, throat, upper abdomen or back
Coronary artery disease symptoms may be different for men and
women.
- For instance, men are more likely to have chest pain.
- Women are more likely to have other signs and symptoms
along with chest discomfort, such as shortness of breath, nausea
and extreme fatigue.https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-
conditions/heart-disease/symptoms-causes/syc-20353118
- Women, older adults and people with diabetes are more likely
to have "nonclassic" or "atypical" signs of chest pain
Signs of ischemic heart disease might include EKG changes
Apoptosis Correct Answers The controlled process of cellular
self-destruction often described as "programmed cell death".
- Normal process to selectively eliminate cells that are worn out;
have been produced in excess; have developed improperly; or
have genetic damage
- Occurs in an organized manner; characterized by "dropping
off" of cellular fragments called apoptotic bodies. Apoptosis can
result from physiological or pathological events.
, Are X-linked dominant disorders more common than recessive
disorders? Correct Answers No
Atrophy Correct Answers The decrease in cell size: if many
cells atrophy, the entire organ can shrink!
Most often observed in skeletal muscle, the heart, secondary sex
organs and the brain
Examples
Physiologic
- Many examples during organogenesis & embryonic
development
¢thymus gland atrophies beginning in youth
- Post-menopausal ovaries
Pathologic - caused by decreases in workload; changes in
pressure or use; impaired blood supply; ↓nutrition or
malnutrition; hormonal stimulation; loss of nervous stimulation
- Immobility due to prolonged bedrest or cast (disuse atrophy)
- Clogged ducts of exocrine glands (cystic fibrosis)
Autophagy Correct Answers - Self-destructive survival
mechanism
- Cellular stresses, such as nutrient deprivation, activate
autophagy genes.
- Cytoplasmic contents (eg organelles) are sequestered, then
delivered to lysosomes for degradation in vacuoles.
- Digested materials are recycled to provide nutrients for the
cell.
- Contributes to the aging process
