NYSTCE: EAS EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Behaviorism - Answers -people's actions are driven by a need to gain rewards or avoid
punishments.
Reinforcement - Answers -meant to increase a good behavior; a reward
Punishment - Answers -meant to decrease bad behavior
Positive reinforcement - Answers -involves giving someone something that he or she
wants
Negative reinforcement - Answers -taking away something that someone does not want
Positive punishment - Answers -involves giving someone something that he or she
does not want
Negative punishment - Answers -involves taking away something that someone does
want
Extinction - Answers -decreases the chances of a response to something by
withdrawing reinforcement of the behavior; like a reset button
Constructivism - Answers -a philosophy of education that says that people construct
knowledge through their experiences and interactions with the world
Social learning - Answers -learning through interactions with other people
Vyogtsky's Zone of Proximal Development - Answers -people learn best from other
people who are just a little ahead of them
Project-based learning (PBL) - Answers -focuses on giving an open-ended question
and complex problem to a group of students and having them figure out the best
solution to the problem
4 Steps to PBL - Answers -1. Learners are presented with a problem; 2. group develop
theories to explain the problem; 3. Learners work independently to come up with
solutions; 4. Regroup to compare solutions and develop a plan.
Critical Theory - Answers -a philosophy that involves being critical of the prevailing view
of society
Critical theory in education - Answers -is about questioning how our educational system
can best offer education to all people
, Problems with access to technology - Answers -poorer schools can have a harder time
getting technology in the hands of their students; poor students have lower
technological fluency than middle- and upper-class students.
Humanism - Answers -a branch of psychology related to the theories Abraham Maslow
and Carl Rogers, has at its core the idea that people want to grow and fulfill their
ultimate potential.
Self-Directed Learning - Answers -involves students learning what they want and need
to learn, not what the teacher arbitrarily decides is important.
Extrinsic motivators - Answers -things outside of a person that motivate them to do
something.
Self-evaluation - Answers -thoughtful assessment of one's own work
lifelong learners - Answers -people who continue to learn even after they leave school
Learning - Answers -involves storing and accessing information in memory
information processing theory of learning - Answers -information from the world around
us moves from sensory storage to working memory to long-term memory
working memory - Answers -storage of memories that occurred only a few seconds in
the past
long-term memory - Answers -memories that are stored for a person to access later
cognitive load - Answers -having too much information in working memory and not
being able to remember anything
chunking - Answers -grouping information together to help remember it
Automaticity - Answers -process of making a task automatic
Pragmatism - Answers -an educational philosophy that says that education should be
about life and growth; teachers should be teaching students things that are practical for
life and encourage them to grow into better people
practical learning - Answers -education should apply to the real world
experiential learning - Answers -education should come through experience
Progressivism - Answers -the idea that education does from the experience of the child
whole child - Answers -teaching students to be good citizens and not just good learners
Behaviorism - Answers -people's actions are driven by a need to gain rewards or avoid
punishments.
Reinforcement - Answers -meant to increase a good behavior; a reward
Punishment - Answers -meant to decrease bad behavior
Positive reinforcement - Answers -involves giving someone something that he or she
wants
Negative reinforcement - Answers -taking away something that someone does not want
Positive punishment - Answers -involves giving someone something that he or she
does not want
Negative punishment - Answers -involves taking away something that someone does
want
Extinction - Answers -decreases the chances of a response to something by
withdrawing reinforcement of the behavior; like a reset button
Constructivism - Answers -a philosophy of education that says that people construct
knowledge through their experiences and interactions with the world
Social learning - Answers -learning through interactions with other people
Vyogtsky's Zone of Proximal Development - Answers -people learn best from other
people who are just a little ahead of them
Project-based learning (PBL) - Answers -focuses on giving an open-ended question
and complex problem to a group of students and having them figure out the best
solution to the problem
4 Steps to PBL - Answers -1. Learners are presented with a problem; 2. group develop
theories to explain the problem; 3. Learners work independently to come up with
solutions; 4. Regroup to compare solutions and develop a plan.
Critical Theory - Answers -a philosophy that involves being critical of the prevailing view
of society
Critical theory in education - Answers -is about questioning how our educational system
can best offer education to all people
, Problems with access to technology - Answers -poorer schools can have a harder time
getting technology in the hands of their students; poor students have lower
technological fluency than middle- and upper-class students.
Humanism - Answers -a branch of psychology related to the theories Abraham Maslow
and Carl Rogers, has at its core the idea that people want to grow and fulfill their
ultimate potential.
Self-Directed Learning - Answers -involves students learning what they want and need
to learn, not what the teacher arbitrarily decides is important.
Extrinsic motivators - Answers -things outside of a person that motivate them to do
something.
Self-evaluation - Answers -thoughtful assessment of one's own work
lifelong learners - Answers -people who continue to learn even after they leave school
Learning - Answers -involves storing and accessing information in memory
information processing theory of learning - Answers -information from the world around
us moves from sensory storage to working memory to long-term memory
working memory - Answers -storage of memories that occurred only a few seconds in
the past
long-term memory - Answers -memories that are stored for a person to access later
cognitive load - Answers -having too much information in working memory and not
being able to remember anything
chunking - Answers -grouping information together to help remember it
Automaticity - Answers -process of making a task automatic
Pragmatism - Answers -an educational philosophy that says that education should be
about life and growth; teachers should be teaching students things that are practical for
life and encourage them to grow into better people
practical learning - Answers -education should apply to the real world
experiential learning - Answers -education should come through experience
Progressivism - Answers -the idea that education does from the experience of the child
whole child - Answers -teaching students to be good citizens and not just good learners
