WGU D236 Patho Study Guide with complete Solutions Rated A
Pressure that is due to albumin in the Rationale: younger patients have not been
bloodstream? - ANSWER -Oncotic exposed to many pathogens, which means that
they have fewer memory cells than adults. The
primary immune response is relatively weak
Oncotic - ANSWER -a form of osmotic compared to a secondary response mediated by
pressure exerted by proteins memory cells.
Older adult patients do not have as many T cells
In the blood, _____ is the most common plasma compared to younger patients. When these
protein and is, therefore, a primary determinant patients encounter novel pathogens, the reduced
number of naive T cells gives clonal selection
of oncotic pressure - ANSWER -albumin
fewer opportunities to "find" T cells that will be
effective.
_____ controls osmotic pressure in vascular
system, builds volume - ANSWER -Albumin Fluid and electrolyte levels are regulated by
_______, which regulates actions such as thirst,
ADH, the kidneys, and RAAS. - ANSWER -
One question was about the difference in
osmoreceptors
children and adult immunity - ANSWER -
Possible answer: naive T cells
Fluid deficit causes - ANSWER --Excessive
loss
Learning check question: Which differences in
-Inadequate intake
immunity make children and older adult patients
-Or combination of both
more susceptible to infections? Choose 2
answers
Younger patients have fewer memory cells to Fluid deficit risk factors - ANSWER --
combat infection Vomiting/diarrhea
-Excessive sweating
Older adult patients have a dwindling population -Insufficient water intake
of naive T cells
Older adult patients have more memory cells to Fluid deficit manifestations - ANSWER --dry
combat infection mucous membranes
-decreased skin turgor
Younger patients have a large population of -decreased urine output
naive T cells -low blood pressure
-tachycardia
Older adult patients have a large population of -confusion
naive T cells - ANSWER -Younger patients
have fewer memory cells to combat infection
ROME for ABGs - ANSWER -Respiratory
Older adult patients have a dwindling population Opposite Metabolic Equal
of naive T cells
If pH and pCO2 are moving in opposite
,WGU D236 Patho Study Guide with complete Solutions Rated A
directions, then it is pCO2 levels that are causing
the imbalance and it is respiratory in nature CABS Equation:
If they are moving the same direction then it is When CO2 levels are elevated, the equation
metabolic in nature moves ________, forming more H+ and HCO3-
ions - ANSWER -toward the right
Buffers, renal compensation, and respiratory
compensation help to maintain a blood pH of CABS Equation:
_______ - ANSWER -7.35-7.45 When H+ ions are elevated, the equation moves
_____, as H+ ions are converted to CO2 and the
CO2 is exhaled. - ANSWER -toward the left
A patient with a viral illness and severe vomiting
has an elevated CO2 level and a blood pH of
7.53. She is breathing slowly. What condition CO2 levels - ANSWER -35-45
does the patient have?
Metabolic alkalosis
HCO3 levels - ANSWER -22-26
Metabolic acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis - ANSWER -Metabolic Michael's pulmonary edema leads to respiratory
alkalosis acidosis. How does pH impact Michael's basal
metabolic panel? Choose 3 answers.
The patient's pH and CO2 level are both
elevating (moving in the same direction). This His CO2 level is increased because his lungs
indicates metabolic alkalosis. The CO2 level is have difficulty removing it from the bloodstream.
high because her respiratory system is
attempting to compensate for the high pH by His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside
exhaling less and retaining more CO2 of cells in an attempt to get it out of the
bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the
bloodstream.
To prevent changes in pH, the body employs
buffer systems. The body utilizes 3 buffer His sodium level is decreased due to
systems: - ANSWER -proteins, hypervolemia.
phosphates, and the carbonic acid-bicarbonate
system His calcium level is reduced because the
elevated concentration of H+ makes it easier for
Ca+ to bind to albumin.
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system first line of
defense is _____, second line of defense is His CO2 level is decreased because his lungs
_____ - ANSWER -respirations; kidneys have difficulty adding it into the bloodstream -
ANSWER -His CO2 level is increased
because his lungs have difficulty removing it from
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system equation - the bloodstream.
ANSWER -The equation moves in both
directions His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside
of cells in an attempt to get it out of the
, WGU D236 Patho Study Guide with complete Solutions Rated A
bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the peritoneal dialysis - ANSWER -
bloodstream. Hemodialysis:
-machine pumps blood from the body and filters
His sodium level is decreased due to waste
hypervolemia. -3x a week for hours in a clinic
-acute kidney failure
There is a question about hypoventilation or Peritoneal:
hyperventilation - ANSWER -Metabolic -no machine, injection into abdominal cavity and
acidosis pH <7.35 = respirations increase in waste products diffuse into cavity then drained
depth and rate to blow off CO2 -continuous filtration and less disruption but
requires some training
Metabolic alkalosis pH >7.45 = respirations slow -not for overweight or severe kidney failure
down to increase CO2 retention patients
Respiratory acidosis = excess CO2 has
accumulated which is generating H+ Hemodialysis takes blood out of the body via a
_____, and puts blood back into body through a
Respiratory alkalosis = lungs blow off too much _____ - ANSWER -PIV; central line
CO2, creating less H+ in blood
*NOTE* there are several questions about signs
What is excreted in response to fluid volume and symptoms of different electrolyte imbalances
overload? - ANSWER -Natriuretic peptides - ANSWER -
Natriuretic peptides - ANSWER -hormonal Sodium levels - ANSWER -135-145
signals released by the brain and heart in
response to excess fluid in the body
Hyponatremia causes - ANSWER -Vomiting
Diuretics
Natriuretic peptides signals _____ urine output Excessive administration of dextrose and water
and ____ fluid volume - ANSWER - IVs
increase; reduce Burns, wound drainage
Excessive water intake
SIADH
A hormonal panel was done on a patient with
congestive heart failure and fluid volume
overload. Which elevated hormone on the Hyponatremia manifestations - ANSWER -
patient's chart is indicative of the body's attempt poor skin turgor, dry mucosa, headache,
to reduce the fluid overload? - ANSWER - decreased salivation, decreased blood pressure,
BNP - it's released when fluid volume excess is nausea, abdominal cramping, neurologic
present changes, lethargy, confusion, seizures
Compare and contrast hemodialysis and
Pressure that is due to albumin in the Rationale: younger patients have not been
bloodstream? - ANSWER -Oncotic exposed to many pathogens, which means that
they have fewer memory cells than adults. The
primary immune response is relatively weak
Oncotic - ANSWER -a form of osmotic compared to a secondary response mediated by
pressure exerted by proteins memory cells.
Older adult patients do not have as many T cells
In the blood, _____ is the most common plasma compared to younger patients. When these
protein and is, therefore, a primary determinant patients encounter novel pathogens, the reduced
number of naive T cells gives clonal selection
of oncotic pressure - ANSWER -albumin
fewer opportunities to "find" T cells that will be
effective.
_____ controls osmotic pressure in vascular
system, builds volume - ANSWER -Albumin Fluid and electrolyte levels are regulated by
_______, which regulates actions such as thirst,
ADH, the kidneys, and RAAS. - ANSWER -
One question was about the difference in
osmoreceptors
children and adult immunity - ANSWER -
Possible answer: naive T cells
Fluid deficit causes - ANSWER --Excessive
loss
Learning check question: Which differences in
-Inadequate intake
immunity make children and older adult patients
-Or combination of both
more susceptible to infections? Choose 2
answers
Younger patients have fewer memory cells to Fluid deficit risk factors - ANSWER --
combat infection Vomiting/diarrhea
-Excessive sweating
Older adult patients have a dwindling population -Insufficient water intake
of naive T cells
Older adult patients have more memory cells to Fluid deficit manifestations - ANSWER --dry
combat infection mucous membranes
-decreased skin turgor
Younger patients have a large population of -decreased urine output
naive T cells -low blood pressure
-tachycardia
Older adult patients have a large population of -confusion
naive T cells - ANSWER -Younger patients
have fewer memory cells to combat infection
ROME for ABGs - ANSWER -Respiratory
Older adult patients have a dwindling population Opposite Metabolic Equal
of naive T cells
If pH and pCO2 are moving in opposite
,WGU D236 Patho Study Guide with complete Solutions Rated A
directions, then it is pCO2 levels that are causing
the imbalance and it is respiratory in nature CABS Equation:
If they are moving the same direction then it is When CO2 levels are elevated, the equation
metabolic in nature moves ________, forming more H+ and HCO3-
ions - ANSWER -toward the right
Buffers, renal compensation, and respiratory
compensation help to maintain a blood pH of CABS Equation:
_______ - ANSWER -7.35-7.45 When H+ ions are elevated, the equation moves
_____, as H+ ions are converted to CO2 and the
CO2 is exhaled. - ANSWER -toward the left
A patient with a viral illness and severe vomiting
has an elevated CO2 level and a blood pH of
7.53. She is breathing slowly. What condition CO2 levels - ANSWER -35-45
does the patient have?
Metabolic alkalosis
HCO3 levels - ANSWER -22-26
Metabolic acidosis
Respiratory alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis - ANSWER -Metabolic Michael's pulmonary edema leads to respiratory
alkalosis acidosis. How does pH impact Michael's basal
metabolic panel? Choose 3 answers.
The patient's pH and CO2 level are both
elevating (moving in the same direction). This His CO2 level is increased because his lungs
indicates metabolic alkalosis. The CO2 level is have difficulty removing it from the bloodstream.
high because her respiratory system is
attempting to compensate for the high pH by His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside
exhaling less and retaining more CO2 of cells in an attempt to get it out of the
bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the
bloodstream.
To prevent changes in pH, the body employs
buffer systems. The body utilizes 3 buffer His sodium level is decreased due to
systems: - ANSWER -proteins, hypervolemia.
phosphates, and the carbonic acid-bicarbonate
system His calcium level is reduced because the
elevated concentration of H+ makes it easier for
Ca+ to bind to albumin.
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system first line of
defense is _____, second line of defense is His CO2 level is decreased because his lungs
_____ - ANSWER -respirations; kidneys have difficulty adding it into the bloodstream -
ANSWER -His CO2 level is increased
because his lungs have difficulty removing it from
Carbonic acid-bicarbonate system equation - the bloodstream.
ANSWER -The equation moves in both
directions His K+ is elevated because, as H+ moves inside
of cells in an attempt to get it out of the
, WGU D236 Patho Study Guide with complete Solutions Rated A
bloodstream, K+ moves from cells into the peritoneal dialysis - ANSWER -
bloodstream. Hemodialysis:
-machine pumps blood from the body and filters
His sodium level is decreased due to waste
hypervolemia. -3x a week for hours in a clinic
-acute kidney failure
There is a question about hypoventilation or Peritoneal:
hyperventilation - ANSWER -Metabolic -no machine, injection into abdominal cavity and
acidosis pH <7.35 = respirations increase in waste products diffuse into cavity then drained
depth and rate to blow off CO2 -continuous filtration and less disruption but
requires some training
Metabolic alkalosis pH >7.45 = respirations slow -not for overweight or severe kidney failure
down to increase CO2 retention patients
Respiratory acidosis = excess CO2 has
accumulated which is generating H+ Hemodialysis takes blood out of the body via a
_____, and puts blood back into body through a
Respiratory alkalosis = lungs blow off too much _____ - ANSWER -PIV; central line
CO2, creating less H+ in blood
*NOTE* there are several questions about signs
What is excreted in response to fluid volume and symptoms of different electrolyte imbalances
overload? - ANSWER -Natriuretic peptides - ANSWER -
Natriuretic peptides - ANSWER -hormonal Sodium levels - ANSWER -135-145
signals released by the brain and heart in
response to excess fluid in the body
Hyponatremia causes - ANSWER -Vomiting
Diuretics
Natriuretic peptides signals _____ urine output Excessive administration of dextrose and water
and ____ fluid volume - ANSWER - IVs
increase; reduce Burns, wound drainage
Excessive water intake
SIADH
A hormonal panel was done on a patient with
congestive heart failure and fluid volume
overload. Which elevated hormone on the Hyponatremia manifestations - ANSWER -
patient's chart is indicative of the body's attempt poor skin turgor, dry mucosa, headache,
to reduce the fluid overload? - ANSWER - decreased salivation, decreased blood pressure,
BNP - it's released when fluid volume excess is nausea, abdominal cramping, neurologic
present changes, lethargy, confusion, seizures
Compare and contrast hemodialysis and
