PNP301 TEST 2 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
MS (multiple sclerosis) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅progressive demyelination of the neurons in the brain,
sc + cranial nerves -- characterized by remissions and exacerbations.
MS: pathophysiology - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-Demyelination interrupts the flow of nerve impulses
-lesions create an inflammatory response + attack neurons (immune-mediated response on the CNS)
-Plaques appear on demyelinated axons, further interrupting the transmission of nerve impulses
-Eventually the axons begin to degenerate, resulting in permanent and irreversible damage from
scarring and plaques
MS: etiology - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- genetic =affects european pop.,
- immunologic =viral infections + abnormal immune response
- environmental =temperate climate
*Onset b/w 20-40 years of age (peak 30)
- more common in women (2:1)
MS: S/S - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Depends on the demyelinated area...
-weakness in legs
-diplopia
-scotoma
-dysarthia
-paresthesia
-sensory deficits
-chronic fatigue
MS: early sign - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅blurred vision
MS: late sign(s) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-depression/ euphoria
-respiratory infections
,-decubitus ulcers
-contractures
MS: diagnostic tests - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅No definitive test = often delayed diagnosis
-history of exacerbations + remissions + absence of other neurologic criteria are used for initial diagnosis
....
* MRI for detection and monitoring of CNS lesions
* CSF analysis = INCREASED protein, gamma glob., lymphocytes
*Tomography = optic + retinal nerves are early targets in MS
Diplopia - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅double vision
Scotoma - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅dark spot in the visual field
Dysarthia - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅difficulty forming words; articulated speech
paresthesia - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅abnormal tactile sensation often described as creeping, burning,
tingling, or numbness
PD (Parkinson's Disease) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅affected motor function through loss of
extrapyramidal activity.
PD: pathophysiology - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅• Disruption in neurotransmitters: degeneration of
dopamine-producing neurons in substantia nigra of midbrain disrupts balance of dopamine &
acetylcholine
• excess stimulation (of ACh) affects movement, muscle tone + posture.
- decreased # of cortical neurons
PD: etiology - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅*primary idiopathic = after 60 years of age
*secondary = from trauma, vascular disease or encephalitis
, -occurs in both men and women
-damaging effects of toxins + viruses on cells ie. carbon monoxide, pesticides...
*Drug-induced Parkinson's --> Phenothiazines
PD: S/S - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- tremors in hands @ rest
- "pill rolling" finger movement
- rigidity
- bradykinesia
- problems initiating/coordinating movement
- dysarthia
- dysphagia
- propulsive gait = FALLS!
Classic characteristics of PD - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅*stooped posture
*leaning forward
*flexed head and neck
bradykinesia - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅slow movement
hypokinesia - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅decrease in muscle movement or activity
akinesia - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅inability to initiate movement
PD: early signs - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- fatigue
- muscle weakness
- aches
- decreased flexibility
- difficulty changing facial emotions
MS (multiple sclerosis) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅progressive demyelination of the neurons in the brain,
sc + cranial nerves -- characterized by remissions and exacerbations.
MS: pathophysiology - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-Demyelination interrupts the flow of nerve impulses
-lesions create an inflammatory response + attack neurons (immune-mediated response on the CNS)
-Plaques appear on demyelinated axons, further interrupting the transmission of nerve impulses
-Eventually the axons begin to degenerate, resulting in permanent and irreversible damage from
scarring and plaques
MS: etiology - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- genetic =affects european pop.,
- immunologic =viral infections + abnormal immune response
- environmental =temperate climate
*Onset b/w 20-40 years of age (peak 30)
- more common in women (2:1)
MS: S/S - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅Depends on the demyelinated area...
-weakness in legs
-diplopia
-scotoma
-dysarthia
-paresthesia
-sensory deficits
-chronic fatigue
MS: early sign - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅blurred vision
MS: late sign(s) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅-depression/ euphoria
-respiratory infections
,-decubitus ulcers
-contractures
MS: diagnostic tests - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅No definitive test = often delayed diagnosis
-history of exacerbations + remissions + absence of other neurologic criteria are used for initial diagnosis
....
* MRI for detection and monitoring of CNS lesions
* CSF analysis = INCREASED protein, gamma glob., lymphocytes
*Tomography = optic + retinal nerves are early targets in MS
Diplopia - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅double vision
Scotoma - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅dark spot in the visual field
Dysarthia - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅difficulty forming words; articulated speech
paresthesia - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅abnormal tactile sensation often described as creeping, burning,
tingling, or numbness
PD (Parkinson's Disease) - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅affected motor function through loss of
extrapyramidal activity.
PD: pathophysiology - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅• Disruption in neurotransmitters: degeneration of
dopamine-producing neurons in substantia nigra of midbrain disrupts balance of dopamine &
acetylcholine
• excess stimulation (of ACh) affects movement, muscle tone + posture.
- decreased # of cortical neurons
PD: etiology - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅*primary idiopathic = after 60 years of age
*secondary = from trauma, vascular disease or encephalitis
, -occurs in both men and women
-damaging effects of toxins + viruses on cells ie. carbon monoxide, pesticides...
*Drug-induced Parkinson's --> Phenothiazines
PD: S/S - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- tremors in hands @ rest
- "pill rolling" finger movement
- rigidity
- bradykinesia
- problems initiating/coordinating movement
- dysarthia
- dysphagia
- propulsive gait = FALLS!
Classic characteristics of PD - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅*stooped posture
*leaning forward
*flexed head and neck
bradykinesia - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅slow movement
hypokinesia - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅decrease in muscle movement or activity
akinesia - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅inability to initiate movement
PD: early signs - CORRECT ANSWER✅✅- fatigue
- muscle weakness
- aches
- decreased flexibility
- difficulty changing facial emotions
