OSTEOPOROSIS QUESTIONS & ANSWERS
Advancing age & female sex are significant risk factors for osteoporosis. Prevalence
increases from 2% at 50 years to > 25% at ---years in women. - Answers -80
Osteoporosis: reduction in density of bones. Osteopenia refers to a ----severe reduction
in bone density vs osteoporosis. Reduced density makes bone more prone to fractures.
- Answers -less
Risk Factors for Osteoporosis: Older age, Female, Reduced --- & activity - Answers -
mobility
Risk Factors for Osteoporosis: Low BMI (<---- kg/m2) - Answers -18.5
Risk Factors for Osteoporosis: Rheumatoid arthritis, Alcohol and ---- - Answers -
smoking
Risk Factors for Osteoporosis: Long term ----. NICE suggest risk increases significantly
with equivalent of more than 7.5mg of prednisolone per day for >3 months) - Answers -
corticosteroids
Risk Factors for Osteoporosis: Other medications such as ---, PPIs, anti-epileptics &
anti-oestrogens - Answers -SSRIs
----- women are a key group where osteoporosis should be considered. Oestrogen is
protective against osteoporosis. Unless they're on HRT, this group have less oestrogen
(also older & have other risk factors). - Answers -Post-menopausal
The ---- gives a prediction of risk of a fragility fracture over next 10 years. This is usually
the first step in assessing someone's risk of osteoporosis. - Answers -FRAX tool
FRAX tool involves inputting information eg: age, ---, co-morbidities, smoking, alcohol &
FH. You can enter a result for bone mineral density (BMD) (from DEXA scan) for a more
accurate result but it can also be performed without the BMD. - Answers -BMI
It gives results as a percentage 10-year probability of a:
Major osteoporotic fracture, ---- fracture - Answers -Hip
Bone mineral density (BMD) is measured using a DEXA scan (dual-energy xray
absorptiometry). DEXA scans are brief xray scans that measure how much ---- is
absorbed by bones, indicating how dense the bone is. - Answers -radiation
Bone mineral density (BMD) can be measured @ any location on skeleton, but reading
at --- is key for the classification & management of osteoporosis. - Answers -hip
, Bone density can be represented as a Z score or T score. --- scores represent the
number of standard deviations the pt's bone density falls below the mean for their age. -
Answers -Z
Bone density can be represented as a Z score or T score. --- scores represent the
number of standard deviations below the mean for a healthy young adult their bone
density is. - Answers -T
The most clinically important outcome is the --- score at persons hip. (forms basis for
WHO classification of their level of osteoporosis). - Answers -T
T Score at the hip of >-1 means bone mineral density is ---- - Answers -Normal
T score at the hip between -1 & -2.5 means ----- - Answers -Osteopenia
T score at the hip of Less than -2.5 means ---- - Answers -osteoporosis
T score at the hip of Less than -2.5 plus a fracture indicates ------ - Answers -Severe
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is defined as ---- >2.5 standard deviations below the young adult mean (T-
Score of -2.5) - Answers -BMD
T scores compare BMD of the subject with the ---- (age 30y) - Answers -young adult
mean
Z scores compare BMDs of subjects & age-matched normal controls (i.e. whether BMD
is normal for the pt's age). Cannot be used to diagnose osteoporosis or osteopenia, but
may be useful in young pts to predict ---- in future. - Answers -osteoporosis risk
Endocrine causes of osteoporosis: hypogonadism (eg premature menopause, anorexia,
androgen blockade, taking ----- inhibitors) - Answers -aromatase
Aromatase inhibitors: class of drugs used in Tx of breast cancer in postmenopausal
women & --- in men. Lower oestrogen levels by stopping an enzyme in fat tissue
(aromatase) from changing other hormones into oestrogen. - Answers -gynecomastia
Endocrine causes of osteoporosis: -----thyroidism - Answers -hyper
Endocrine causes of osteoporosis: -----parathyroidism - Answers -hyper
Endocrine causes of osteoporosis: -----prolactinaemia (Although present in men,
prolactin is best known for enabling women to produce breast milk. Levels increase
after a woman gives birth. High levels can also stop menstrual periods (& decrease
sexual desire) while woman breastfeeds. Levels typically return to normal when baby is
weaned & mum is no longer breastfeeding = menstrual cycle resumes. High levels @
Advancing age & female sex are significant risk factors for osteoporosis. Prevalence
increases from 2% at 50 years to > 25% at ---years in women. - Answers -80
Osteoporosis: reduction in density of bones. Osteopenia refers to a ----severe reduction
in bone density vs osteoporosis. Reduced density makes bone more prone to fractures.
- Answers -less
Risk Factors for Osteoporosis: Older age, Female, Reduced --- & activity - Answers -
mobility
Risk Factors for Osteoporosis: Low BMI (<---- kg/m2) - Answers -18.5
Risk Factors for Osteoporosis: Rheumatoid arthritis, Alcohol and ---- - Answers -
smoking
Risk Factors for Osteoporosis: Long term ----. NICE suggest risk increases significantly
with equivalent of more than 7.5mg of prednisolone per day for >3 months) - Answers -
corticosteroids
Risk Factors for Osteoporosis: Other medications such as ---, PPIs, anti-epileptics &
anti-oestrogens - Answers -SSRIs
----- women are a key group where osteoporosis should be considered. Oestrogen is
protective against osteoporosis. Unless they're on HRT, this group have less oestrogen
(also older & have other risk factors). - Answers -Post-menopausal
The ---- gives a prediction of risk of a fragility fracture over next 10 years. This is usually
the first step in assessing someone's risk of osteoporosis. - Answers -FRAX tool
FRAX tool involves inputting information eg: age, ---, co-morbidities, smoking, alcohol &
FH. You can enter a result for bone mineral density (BMD) (from DEXA scan) for a more
accurate result but it can also be performed without the BMD. - Answers -BMI
It gives results as a percentage 10-year probability of a:
Major osteoporotic fracture, ---- fracture - Answers -Hip
Bone mineral density (BMD) is measured using a DEXA scan (dual-energy xray
absorptiometry). DEXA scans are brief xray scans that measure how much ---- is
absorbed by bones, indicating how dense the bone is. - Answers -radiation
Bone mineral density (BMD) can be measured @ any location on skeleton, but reading
at --- is key for the classification & management of osteoporosis. - Answers -hip
, Bone density can be represented as a Z score or T score. --- scores represent the
number of standard deviations the pt's bone density falls below the mean for their age. -
Answers -Z
Bone density can be represented as a Z score or T score. --- scores represent the
number of standard deviations below the mean for a healthy young adult their bone
density is. - Answers -T
The most clinically important outcome is the --- score at persons hip. (forms basis for
WHO classification of their level of osteoporosis). - Answers -T
T Score at the hip of >-1 means bone mineral density is ---- - Answers -Normal
T score at the hip between -1 & -2.5 means ----- - Answers -Osteopenia
T score at the hip of Less than -2.5 means ---- - Answers -osteoporosis
T score at the hip of Less than -2.5 plus a fracture indicates ------ - Answers -Severe
Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is defined as ---- >2.5 standard deviations below the young adult mean (T-
Score of -2.5) - Answers -BMD
T scores compare BMD of the subject with the ---- (age 30y) - Answers -young adult
mean
Z scores compare BMDs of subjects & age-matched normal controls (i.e. whether BMD
is normal for the pt's age). Cannot be used to diagnose osteoporosis or osteopenia, but
may be useful in young pts to predict ---- in future. - Answers -osteoporosis risk
Endocrine causes of osteoporosis: hypogonadism (eg premature menopause, anorexia,
androgen blockade, taking ----- inhibitors) - Answers -aromatase
Aromatase inhibitors: class of drugs used in Tx of breast cancer in postmenopausal
women & --- in men. Lower oestrogen levels by stopping an enzyme in fat tissue
(aromatase) from changing other hormones into oestrogen. - Answers -gynecomastia
Endocrine causes of osteoporosis: -----thyroidism - Answers -hyper
Endocrine causes of osteoporosis: -----parathyroidism - Answers -hyper
Endocrine causes of osteoporosis: -----prolactinaemia (Although present in men,
prolactin is best known for enabling women to produce breast milk. Levels increase
after a woman gives birth. High levels can also stop menstrual periods (& decrease
sexual desire) while woman breastfeeds. Levels typically return to normal when baby is
weaned & mum is no longer breastfeeding = menstrual cycle resumes. High levels @
