BIO 411 EXAM COMBINED STUDY SET QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS – LATEST UPDATE 2026/2027 | GRADED A+ | GUARANTEED SUCCESS.

BIO 411 EXAM COMBINED STUDY SET QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS – LATEST UPDATE 2026/2027 | GRADED A+ | GUARANTEED SUCCESS. SG........ microbes or microorganisms are - ANSWER minute living things that usually are too small to be seen by unaided eyes SG............microorganisms include - ANSWER Bacterial protozoa fungi (yeast/molds) microscopic algae, viruses: But all are very different SG......Miasma Theory - ANSWER disease is caused by invisible organisms (Bad air/cloud: from putrefying carcasses, rotting vegetation or molds, and invisible dust particles inside dwellings) or curse/supernatural*. SG.............where microorganisms known before the invention of the microscope - ANSWER Known before (or event after) the invention of microscope: Disease by invisible organism, SG.......who discovered the first microscope - ANSWER Galileo Galilei (Italian astronomer): 1609 Zacharias Jansen (Dutch eyeglass maker/spectacles): 3-10X, 1590 Robert Hook (British Scientist): Compound microscope (1665) (~20-50X) Antonie van Leeuwenhoek () ~ 1676/Dutch: Observesed and draw shape and movement of microorganism/animacules (Bacteria, protozoa, yeast): Father of Microscopy SG.......animacules - ANSWER microscopic animals who was the first person to see bacteria in lake water/bacterial movement - ANSWER Antonie van Leeuwenhoek how big was Antonie van Leeuwenhoek magnification - ANSWER 300x SG.........Aristotles's doctrine of spontaneous generation. - ANSWER Hypothesis that living organisms arise from nonliving matter; a "vital force" forms life" SG...........what were the first two theories of microbiology history - ANSWER theory of spontaneous generation living organisms arise from nonliving matter SG........microbiology the Transition Period: - ANSWER Debate over Spontaneous Generation (Took over 200 years and many experiments to refute the theory of Spontaneous Generation) SG.........biogenesis - ANSWER Hypothesis that the living organisms arise from preexisting life SG........Francesco Redi - ANSWER This scientist disproved spontaneous generation by showing that maggots do not spontaneously arise from decaying meat. from where did the maggot come? - ANSWER flies that flew into the jar what was the purpose of the sealed jars - ANSWER to see if an isolated piece of meat would spontaneously make the maggots SG..........Theory of Spontaneous generation vs Biogenesis - ANSWER How form of life came in existence?: Living organism arise spontaneously from nonliving matters. Example dust creates fleas; maggots arise from rotting meat; toads, snakes and mice from moist soli (There was no concept of sterile environments). SG..........beginning of spontaneous generation experiment - ANSWER 1668:Francesco Redi •The beginnings of experimental science •Filled 6 jars with decaying meat john needham experiment (1745) - ANSWER Heated broth in sealed flasks.When the broth became cloudy with microrganisms, he mistakenly concluded that they developed spontaneously from the broth lazzaro spallanzani experiment (1765) - ANSWER was a boiled nutrient solutions in flasks SG.......who is the father of the microscope? and why? - ANSWER Antonie van Leeuwenhoek because of his creation and discovery using it SG.........Before discovery of microscope and observation of bacteria (invisible earlier): - ANSWER Theory of Spontaneous Generation: Life arises spontaneously from non-living material SG..........1861: Louis Pasteur (theory of biogenesis) - ANSWER •Demonstrated that microorganisms are present in the air - living cells arise only from preexisting living cells Stanley Miller experiment - ANSWER Proved that organic compounds could come from inorganic compounds in earth's early environment. Formation of animal acids: Chemical origin of life under certain conditions - RNA and Protein was formed in the water SG.....who supported spontaneous generation - ANSWER John Needham and aristotle SG...........who supported biogenesis - ANSWER lazzaro spallanzani louis pasteur what caused high mortality rates of mothers in the 14.9% century - ANSWER childbed fever childbed fever theories - ANSWER One such theory: It was caused as the result of the "tightness of stays and petticoat bindings." Peticoats pressed the intestines, blocked excretion, caused the body to reabsorb it waste. Other: Inactive lifestyle, improper diet, and the attendance of friends in a small room during delivery. SG...........Pre- Pasteur Ignaz Semmelweis Childbed Fever Results - ANSWER repeatedly showed a drastic drop in incidence of childbed fever, shortly; Semmelweis instituted handwashing in a new hospital. PrePasteur Ignaz Semmelweis Childbed Fever Conclusion - ANSWER Semmelweis is acting to undermine the medical profession because physicians, as everyone knows, have as their first priority, not harming patients what happened to Ignaz Semmelweis - ANSWER () Semmelweis was at one time institutionalized for mental instability. His findings were eventually validated. The Golden Age of Microbiology - ANSWER Microbiology established as a science SG.......Louis Pasteur - ANSWER (" regarded as the father of modern microbiology") SG...........why is Louis Pasteur the father of microbiology - ANSWER - Spontaneous generation disproved - Germ theory (Microorganism cause disease/infectious disease) - Wine fermentation (yeasts and bacteria) - Pasteurization (60-100 C) - How vaccine works SG...........germ theory - ANSWER •Diseases (many/infectious) are caused by microorganism: Louis Pasteur* SG.........what did joseph lister (surgeon) do - ANSWER •Joseph Lister (surgeon): Applied germ theory to medical procedures carbolic acid/phenol): (1860s) SG.........Pre- Pasteur Ignaz Semmelweis Childbed Fever Hypothesis - ANSWER Physicians going from the autopsy room to the delivery room without washing their hands were carrying things on their hands that made the mothers sick. Experiment: have physicians wash their hands after leaving the autopsy room and before entering the delivery room SG............contribution of louis pasture - ANSWER (" regarded as the father of modern microbiology") - Spontaneous generation disproved - Germ theory (Microorganism cause disease/infectious disease) - Wine fermentation (yeasts and bacteria) - Pasteurization (60-100 C) - How vaccine works (Anthrax:1881, Fowl cholera, Rabies) SG..........contribution of joseph lister - ANSWER •Germ theory inaugurated a new era in medicine. In the late 1860s, Joseph Lister, a surgeon in Glasgow, Scotland, followed Pasteur's lead: he devised antiseptic surgical techniques, using chemicals to kill bacteria •Joseph Lister (surgeon): Applied germ theory to medical procedures carbolic acid/phenol): (1860s) - (1860s) -antiseptic surgery (phenol)