pg. 1
, Particular Hypothesis, Or Are Made By Carefully Watching The World Us (Like Observing
Clinical Patients)
Replication: Observations Must Be Then Replicated BY THE ORIGINAL OBSERVER By
Repeating The Experiment On Different Subjects Or Making Similar Observations In
Different Patients, As Many Time As Necessary To Rule Out The Possibility That The
Observation Occurred By Chance.
Interpretation: Observations Are Then Interpreted After They Are Believed To Be Correct.
Interpretations Seek To Explain The Observation. Interpretations Depend On The State Of
Knowledge Or Ignorance At The Time And On A Scientists Preconceived Notions, So They
Don't Always Hold Up Over Time.
Verification: Assesses Whether The Observation Is Sufficiently Robust That Any Competent
Scientist Who Precisely Follows The Protocols Of The Original Observer Can Reproduce It.
The Process Of Verification Establishes New Scientific Fact.
Discuss The Importance Of Animal Research In The Field Of Neuroscience Correct Answer:- -
Animal Research Is Important To The Field Of Neuroscience Because It Enables Us To Learn
About The Nervous System To A Degree That Would Be Impossible If We Only Performed
Noninvasive Experiments On Humans. Animal Research Lets Us Work With Living Tissue And
Helps Us Understand The Human Nervous System By Examining That Of Animals.
Explain When Animal Research Is Needed: Correct Answer:- Is Needed When Questions
About The Nervous System Are Unable To Be Answered By An Ethical Examination Of
Humans.
Animal Models Allow Us To Answer These Questions
Differentiate Animal Rights And Animal Welfare Views. Correct Answer:- Animal Welfare:
Accepting The Necessity For Animal Experimentation To Advance Knowledge, As Long As It
Is Performed Humanely And With Proper Response For Animals' Welfare.
- Animals Are Only Being Used In Worthwhile Experiments That Promise To Advance Our
Knowledge Of The Nervous System, All Necessary Steps Being Taken To Minimize Pain And
Distress Experience By Animals, And All Possible Alternative To The Use Of Animals Are
Considered.
Animal Rights: Seeking To Totally Abolish Animal Use For Human Purposes, Including
Experimentation; Believing That Animals Should/Do Have The Same Legal And Moral Rights
As Humans.
Describe The Three Rs Of Ethical Animals Research Correct Answer:- Reduction:
pg. 2
,Reducing The Numbers Of Animals Using In Experiments By:
- Improving Experimental Techniques
- Improving Techniques Of Data Analysis
- Sharing Information With Other Researchers
Refinement: Refining The Experiment Of The Way The Animals Are Care For So As To
Reduce Their Suffering By:
- Using Less Invasive Techniques
- Better Medical Care
- Better Living Conditions
Replacement: Replacing Experiments On Animals With Alternative
Techniques.
Identify How Many Neurons And Glia Are In The Human Brain. Correct Answer:-
Approximately 85 Billion Neurons And 85 Billion Glia In The Human Brain
Discuss Important Histological Procedures And How They Contributed To The
Advancement Of Neuroscience
(I.E. Golgi Method, Immunohistochemistry, In Situ Hybridization) Correct Answer:- Golgi
Method: The Golgi Method Is A Silver Nitrate Based Stain. It Stains A Few Neurons At The
Time In Their Entirety, Allowing Us To Study Them In Detail Against The Backdrop Of Other
Cells. The Golgi Method Enabled Scientists To See The Distinct Structure And Features Of A
Neuron Better Than Before.
Immunohistochemistry: Utilizes Aspects Of The Immune System To Selectively Identify
Protein Expression In Neurons. The Expression Of Individual Proteins Can Be Used To
Identify The Location And Identity Of Unique Cell Populations In The Nervous Systems.
BASED ON PROTEIN In Situ Hybridization: Is A Type Of Hybridization That Uses A Labeled
Complementary DNA, RNA Or Modified Nucleic Acids Strand (I.E., Probe) To Localize A
Specific DNA Or RNA Sequence In A Portion Or Section Of Tissue. IN Situ Hybridization Is
Used To Reveal The Location Of Specific Nucleic Acid Sequences On Chromosomes Or In
Tissues, A Crucial Step For Understanding The Organization, Regulation, And Function Of
Genes, BASED ON RNA.
What Did Golgi And Cajal Disagree About? Correct Answer:- Golgi And Cajal Disagreed
About The Nature Of The Nervous System. Whether It Was A Continuous Electrical Circuit
(Reticular
Theory) Or Composed Of Individual Cells That Communicate Information To One Another
(Neuron Doctrine).
pg. 3
, Compare Neuron Doctrine And Reticular Theory Correct Answer:- Neuron Doctrine: -
The Brain Is Composed Of Independent Cells, As Cell Theory States.
Information Is Transmitted From Cell To Cell Across Synapses. The Neuritis Of
Different Neurons Are Not Continuous With Each Other And Communicate By
Contact (At Synapses) Not Continuity.
pg. 4
, Particular Hypothesis, Or Are Made By Carefully Watching The World Us (Like Observing
Clinical Patients)
Replication: Observations Must Be Then Replicated BY THE ORIGINAL OBSERVER By
Repeating The Experiment On Different Subjects Or Making Similar Observations In
Different Patients, As Many Time As Necessary To Rule Out The Possibility That The
Observation Occurred By Chance.
Interpretation: Observations Are Then Interpreted After They Are Believed To Be Correct.
Interpretations Seek To Explain The Observation. Interpretations Depend On The State Of
Knowledge Or Ignorance At The Time And On A Scientists Preconceived Notions, So They
Don't Always Hold Up Over Time.
Verification: Assesses Whether The Observation Is Sufficiently Robust That Any Competent
Scientist Who Precisely Follows The Protocols Of The Original Observer Can Reproduce It.
The Process Of Verification Establishes New Scientific Fact.
Discuss The Importance Of Animal Research In The Field Of Neuroscience Correct Answer:- -
Animal Research Is Important To The Field Of Neuroscience Because It Enables Us To Learn
About The Nervous System To A Degree That Would Be Impossible If We Only Performed
Noninvasive Experiments On Humans. Animal Research Lets Us Work With Living Tissue And
Helps Us Understand The Human Nervous System By Examining That Of Animals.
Explain When Animal Research Is Needed: Correct Answer:- Is Needed When Questions
About The Nervous System Are Unable To Be Answered By An Ethical Examination Of
Humans.
Animal Models Allow Us To Answer These Questions
Differentiate Animal Rights And Animal Welfare Views. Correct Answer:- Animal Welfare:
Accepting The Necessity For Animal Experimentation To Advance Knowledge, As Long As It
Is Performed Humanely And With Proper Response For Animals' Welfare.
- Animals Are Only Being Used In Worthwhile Experiments That Promise To Advance Our
Knowledge Of The Nervous System, All Necessary Steps Being Taken To Minimize Pain And
Distress Experience By Animals, And All Possible Alternative To The Use Of Animals Are
Considered.
Animal Rights: Seeking To Totally Abolish Animal Use For Human Purposes, Including
Experimentation; Believing That Animals Should/Do Have The Same Legal And Moral Rights
As Humans.
Describe The Three Rs Of Ethical Animals Research Correct Answer:- Reduction:
pg. 2
,Reducing The Numbers Of Animals Using In Experiments By:
- Improving Experimental Techniques
- Improving Techniques Of Data Analysis
- Sharing Information With Other Researchers
Refinement: Refining The Experiment Of The Way The Animals Are Care For So As To
Reduce Their Suffering By:
- Using Less Invasive Techniques
- Better Medical Care
- Better Living Conditions
Replacement: Replacing Experiments On Animals With Alternative
Techniques.
Identify How Many Neurons And Glia Are In The Human Brain. Correct Answer:-
Approximately 85 Billion Neurons And 85 Billion Glia In The Human Brain
Discuss Important Histological Procedures And How They Contributed To The
Advancement Of Neuroscience
(I.E. Golgi Method, Immunohistochemistry, In Situ Hybridization) Correct Answer:- Golgi
Method: The Golgi Method Is A Silver Nitrate Based Stain. It Stains A Few Neurons At The
Time In Their Entirety, Allowing Us To Study Them In Detail Against The Backdrop Of Other
Cells. The Golgi Method Enabled Scientists To See The Distinct Structure And Features Of A
Neuron Better Than Before.
Immunohistochemistry: Utilizes Aspects Of The Immune System To Selectively Identify
Protein Expression In Neurons. The Expression Of Individual Proteins Can Be Used To
Identify The Location And Identity Of Unique Cell Populations In The Nervous Systems.
BASED ON PROTEIN In Situ Hybridization: Is A Type Of Hybridization That Uses A Labeled
Complementary DNA, RNA Or Modified Nucleic Acids Strand (I.E., Probe) To Localize A
Specific DNA Or RNA Sequence In A Portion Or Section Of Tissue. IN Situ Hybridization Is
Used To Reveal The Location Of Specific Nucleic Acid Sequences On Chromosomes Or In
Tissues, A Crucial Step For Understanding The Organization, Regulation, And Function Of
Genes, BASED ON RNA.
What Did Golgi And Cajal Disagree About? Correct Answer:- Golgi And Cajal Disagreed
About The Nature Of The Nervous System. Whether It Was A Continuous Electrical Circuit
(Reticular
Theory) Or Composed Of Individual Cells That Communicate Information To One Another
(Neuron Doctrine).
pg. 3
, Compare Neuron Doctrine And Reticular Theory Correct Answer:- Neuron Doctrine: -
The Brain Is Composed Of Independent Cells, As Cell Theory States.
Information Is Transmitted From Cell To Cell Across Synapses. The Neuritis Of
Different Neurons Are Not Continuous With Each Other And Communicate By
Contact (At Synapses) Not Continuity.
pg. 4
