UAMS MICROBIOLOGY EXAM 1 FINAL PAPER
2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS
◉ Chemotaxis. Answer: either moving toward food or away from
chemicals
◉ Staining. Answer: simple stains
special stains: capsule stains
differential stains: gram stains
Gram postive: purple
gram Negative: pink/red
◉ Areobic. Answer: requires O2 for growth
◉ anareobic. Answer: don't require O2 for growth
◉ Faculatitive. Answer: the live with or without O2 but prefer O2
,◉ Microaerophilic. Answer: they prefer less O2 than the level of O2
in the atmospheric
◉ Inclusions. Answer: - Usually for storage
- Metachromatic Granules: phosphate reserve
- Lipid Inclusions: energy reserves
Sulfur Granules: energy reserves
◉ Pilus (pili). Answer: - Sex pili are used for conjugation in certain
species
Conjugation: the process of using the poli as a bridge to move the
DNA between two cells
◉ Fimbriae. Answer: - Hairlike appendages that allow for
attachment
Not like flagella
◉ Glycocalyx. Answer: - External to the cell wall
- Viscous and gelantinous
- Made of polysaccharides and/or polypeptide
- Two Types:
, - Capsule: very well organized and firm, also prevent phagocytosis
- Slime Layer: loose and not organized at all
Helps form biofilms
◉ Flagella. Answer: - Appendages external of the cell
- Propel the bacteria
- Made of 3 parts:
- Filament: outermost region
- Hook: attaches to the filament
- Basal Body: consist of rod and pairs of rings, anchors flagellum to
the cell wall and membrane
- Gram Positive: 2 rings
- Gram negative: 4 rings
- How they change directions:
- Clockwise: Tumble
- Counter Clockwise: Run
◉ Cilia. Answer: -Very different from flagella
-It is just used for minor motility not near the movement that
flagella produces
◉ Cytoplasm. Answer: -"Guts" of the cell
2026 COMPLETE QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS
◉ Chemotaxis. Answer: either moving toward food or away from
chemicals
◉ Staining. Answer: simple stains
special stains: capsule stains
differential stains: gram stains
Gram postive: purple
gram Negative: pink/red
◉ Areobic. Answer: requires O2 for growth
◉ anareobic. Answer: don't require O2 for growth
◉ Faculatitive. Answer: the live with or without O2 but prefer O2
,◉ Microaerophilic. Answer: they prefer less O2 than the level of O2
in the atmospheric
◉ Inclusions. Answer: - Usually for storage
- Metachromatic Granules: phosphate reserve
- Lipid Inclusions: energy reserves
Sulfur Granules: energy reserves
◉ Pilus (pili). Answer: - Sex pili are used for conjugation in certain
species
Conjugation: the process of using the poli as a bridge to move the
DNA between two cells
◉ Fimbriae. Answer: - Hairlike appendages that allow for
attachment
Not like flagella
◉ Glycocalyx. Answer: - External to the cell wall
- Viscous and gelantinous
- Made of polysaccharides and/or polypeptide
- Two Types:
, - Capsule: very well organized and firm, also prevent phagocytosis
- Slime Layer: loose and not organized at all
Helps form biofilms
◉ Flagella. Answer: - Appendages external of the cell
- Propel the bacteria
- Made of 3 parts:
- Filament: outermost region
- Hook: attaches to the filament
- Basal Body: consist of rod and pairs of rings, anchors flagellum to
the cell wall and membrane
- Gram Positive: 2 rings
- Gram negative: 4 rings
- How they change directions:
- Clockwise: Tumble
- Counter Clockwise: Run
◉ Cilia. Answer: -Very different from flagella
-It is just used for minor motility not near the movement that
flagella produces
◉ Cytoplasm. Answer: -"Guts" of the cell
