ANSC 4395 - STUTTS: BREEDING & GENETICS - TEST 1
Animal Breeding - Answers -scientific field that uses principles of genetics to aid in the
improvement of livestock
Robert Bakewell - Answers -"Father of Animal Breeding"
Creating the first progeny test of sorts - leased males to neighbors to find superior
animals and mated best to best without regarding ancestry.
Shorthorns - Answers -One of the first organized breeds of livestock - 1580
Began keeping records in 1750
Highly related to one or two bulls
Gregor Mendel - Answers -19th Century - studied genetics of garden peas
established basic principles that are still accepted today
Published in obscure journal and wasn't widely known until 20th century
Population Genetics - Answers -branch of genetics which deals with the factors that
affect the genetic structure of populations
study of allele frequency distribution and change
Dr. Sewell Wright & Sir Ronald Fisher
Dr. Jay Lush - Answers -"Father of Modern Animal Breeding"
extended work of Wright & Fisher to design programs for farm animals
Established principles of selection, the use of inbreeding to conserve genetics, and
crossbreeding for hybrid vigor
The Future of Genetics - Answers -genetically engineered compounds
gene therapy
gene splicing
DNA transfer
Primary goal of animal breeders - Answers -identify animals with desirable genes and
increase the frequency of those genes
The best animal - Answers -based on opinion of those who are using the animals
- lab = show winner or best retriever
- cattle = cutability/ %muscle/ quality grade
Systems Approach - Answers -More objective means of determining the best animal,
detailed knowledge of traits of importance and how performance with those traits
interact with the environment, etc.
System - Answers -a group of interdependent component parts
ex: combustion engine, corporation, family
, Animal - Systems Approach - Answers -characteristic genotype(s), may be more than
one
ex. small size, low feed intake, low production,
Physical Environment - Systems Approach - Answers -elements of the environment
over which humans exert little or no control
ex. weather, soil, altitude
Fixed Resources - Systems Approach - Answers -the size of the farm, ability of the
farm to grow supplementary feed and available labor
Management - Systems Approach - Answers -All policies implemented by the farmer -
feeding, healthcare, length of time an animal is on the farm
Economics - Systems Approach - Answers -cost of farm inputs like feed, labor, and
supplies and the prices of farm outputs, long and short term interest rates
Traits - Answers -Any observable or measurable characteristic of an animal
observable- color, size, leg set
measurable- weaning weight, lactation yield, hip height
Phenotype - Answers -an observed category or measured level of performance for a
trait in an individual
Trait - Answers -Presence of horns, height, YW, Calving Ease, litter size
Phenotype of Trait - Answers -Horn/ Polled/ dehorned, 14 hands, 850 lbs, Assisted
birth/ Unassisted birth/ or Surgical
Genotype - Answers -The genetic make-up of an individual
Phenotype mathematically - Answers -P= Genotype + Environment
Environmental Effect - Answers -effects that external factors have on animal
performance
-phenotype is determined by its genotype and the environment it experiences
Genotype uses - Answers -- All genes and gene combos that affect a single trait
- All genes and gene combos that affect an array of traits
heat tolerance and parasite resistance are two traits that are part of a specific genotype
Biological Type - Answers -a classification for animals with similar genotypes for traits
of interest (same type of genes)
ex: heavy draft type horses, prolific wool type sheep, dual-purpose cattle
Animal Breeding - Answers -scientific field that uses principles of genetics to aid in the
improvement of livestock
Robert Bakewell - Answers -"Father of Animal Breeding"
Creating the first progeny test of sorts - leased males to neighbors to find superior
animals and mated best to best without regarding ancestry.
Shorthorns - Answers -One of the first organized breeds of livestock - 1580
Began keeping records in 1750
Highly related to one or two bulls
Gregor Mendel - Answers -19th Century - studied genetics of garden peas
established basic principles that are still accepted today
Published in obscure journal and wasn't widely known until 20th century
Population Genetics - Answers -branch of genetics which deals with the factors that
affect the genetic structure of populations
study of allele frequency distribution and change
Dr. Sewell Wright & Sir Ronald Fisher
Dr. Jay Lush - Answers -"Father of Modern Animal Breeding"
extended work of Wright & Fisher to design programs for farm animals
Established principles of selection, the use of inbreeding to conserve genetics, and
crossbreeding for hybrid vigor
The Future of Genetics - Answers -genetically engineered compounds
gene therapy
gene splicing
DNA transfer
Primary goal of animal breeders - Answers -identify animals with desirable genes and
increase the frequency of those genes
The best animal - Answers -based on opinion of those who are using the animals
- lab = show winner or best retriever
- cattle = cutability/ %muscle/ quality grade
Systems Approach - Answers -More objective means of determining the best animal,
detailed knowledge of traits of importance and how performance with those traits
interact with the environment, etc.
System - Answers -a group of interdependent component parts
ex: combustion engine, corporation, family
, Animal - Systems Approach - Answers -characteristic genotype(s), may be more than
one
ex. small size, low feed intake, low production,
Physical Environment - Systems Approach - Answers -elements of the environment
over which humans exert little or no control
ex. weather, soil, altitude
Fixed Resources - Systems Approach - Answers -the size of the farm, ability of the
farm to grow supplementary feed and available labor
Management - Systems Approach - Answers -All policies implemented by the farmer -
feeding, healthcare, length of time an animal is on the farm
Economics - Systems Approach - Answers -cost of farm inputs like feed, labor, and
supplies and the prices of farm outputs, long and short term interest rates
Traits - Answers -Any observable or measurable characteristic of an animal
observable- color, size, leg set
measurable- weaning weight, lactation yield, hip height
Phenotype - Answers -an observed category or measured level of performance for a
trait in an individual
Trait - Answers -Presence of horns, height, YW, Calving Ease, litter size
Phenotype of Trait - Answers -Horn/ Polled/ dehorned, 14 hands, 850 lbs, Assisted
birth/ Unassisted birth/ or Surgical
Genotype - Answers -The genetic make-up of an individual
Phenotype mathematically - Answers -P= Genotype + Environment
Environmental Effect - Answers -effects that external factors have on animal
performance
-phenotype is determined by its genotype and the environment it experiences
Genotype uses - Answers -- All genes and gene combos that affect a single trait
- All genes and gene combos that affect an array of traits
heat tolerance and parasite resistance are two traits that are part of a specific genotype
Biological Type - Answers -a classification for animals with similar genotypes for traits
of interest (same type of genes)
ex: heavy draft type horses, prolific wool type sheep, dual-purpose cattle
