BIOLOGY 111 LATEST 2026 STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔conservative replication - ✔✔Original parent strand remains intact, 2 completely new
helix are synthesized
✔✔semi-conservative replication - ✔✔parent strand comes apart and each new helix
has part of the parent
✔✔dispersive replication - ✔✔both original strands are broken up into small pieces
incorporated into newly synthesized strands
✔✔Mesleson and Stahl - ✔✔Showed that semi-conservative was how DNA replicated
✔✔Prokaryote DNA replication - ✔✔starts from a single point and proceeds in two
directions until the entire chromosome is copied
✔✔Replication fork - ✔✔A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where new
strands are growing.
✔✔Toposiomerase - ✔✔corrects "overwinding" ahead of replication forks by breaking,
swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands
✔✔single strand binding proteins - ✔✔bind to a single-stranded DNA and prevents it
from reforming
✔✔Primase synthesizes - ✔✔RNA primer
✔✔DNA polymerase III - ✔✔synthesizes new DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction with the
help of RNA primer
✔✔DNA polymerase I - ✔✔Replaces RNA with DNA
✔✔DNA ligas - ✔✔Seals the gaps between Okazaki Fragments
✔✔What is different from eukaryotes and prokaryotes in replication - ✔✔Eukaryotes can
have thousands of repliation origins per chromosome
✔✔In what end is the nucleotides attached during DNA replication? and what functional
group is found here? - ✔✔3' Hydroxyl Group
✔✔leading strand - ✔✔the new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously
along the template strand toward the replication fork in the mandatory 5' to 3' direction
, ✔✔lagging strand - ✔✔A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by
means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5' to 3' direction away from the
replication fork.
✔✔What are challenges for DNA replication - ✔✔Torsion, Antiparallel Elongation,
Priming DNA synthesis
✔✔Torsion - ✔✔Being to twisted
✔✔Antiparallel Elongation - ✔✔each strand of DNA faces in an opposite direction
✔✔DNA replication machine - ✔✔Stationary Complex
✔✔What is the error rate of DNA replication? - ✔✔1/10,000
✔✔nucleotide excision repair - ✔✔The process of removing and then correctly replacing
a damaged segment of DNA using the undamaged strand as a guide.
✔✔End of replication chromosomal - ✔✔They get shorter because RNA primer can not
be replaced with DNA (Eukaryotic) Dont have the problem because they are circular
DNA (prokaryotes)
✔✔Telomeres - ✔✔DNA at the tips of chromosomes to help prevent Erosion of DNA
✔✔silent mutation - ✔✔The base pair changes but does not change the amino acid
✔✔missense mutation - ✔✔The base pair changes and so does the sequence of amino
acids
✔✔nonsense mutation - ✔✔The base pair changes and causes a stop codon
✔✔Sickle Cell mutation - ✔✔Point or missense mutation
✔✔frameshift mutation - ✔✔mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic
message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide
✔✔chromosomal mutation - ✔✔A change in the chromosome structure, resulting in new
gene combinations.
✔✔What is the process by which DNA directs protein synthesis - ✔✔Gene Expression
✔✔Two stages of gene expression - ✔✔1. Transcription
2. Translation
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔conservative replication - ✔✔Original parent strand remains intact, 2 completely new
helix are synthesized
✔✔semi-conservative replication - ✔✔parent strand comes apart and each new helix
has part of the parent
✔✔dispersive replication - ✔✔both original strands are broken up into small pieces
incorporated into newly synthesized strands
✔✔Mesleson and Stahl - ✔✔Showed that semi-conservative was how DNA replicated
✔✔Prokaryote DNA replication - ✔✔starts from a single point and proceeds in two
directions until the entire chromosome is copied
✔✔Replication fork - ✔✔A Y-shaped region on a replicating DNA molecule where new
strands are growing.
✔✔Toposiomerase - ✔✔corrects "overwinding" ahead of replication forks by breaking,
swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands
✔✔single strand binding proteins - ✔✔bind to a single-stranded DNA and prevents it
from reforming
✔✔Primase synthesizes - ✔✔RNA primer
✔✔DNA polymerase III - ✔✔synthesizes new DNA only in the 5' to 3' direction with the
help of RNA primer
✔✔DNA polymerase I - ✔✔Replaces RNA with DNA
✔✔DNA ligas - ✔✔Seals the gaps between Okazaki Fragments
✔✔What is different from eukaryotes and prokaryotes in replication - ✔✔Eukaryotes can
have thousands of repliation origins per chromosome
✔✔In what end is the nucleotides attached during DNA replication? and what functional
group is found here? - ✔✔3' Hydroxyl Group
✔✔leading strand - ✔✔the new complementary DNA strand synthesized continuously
along the template strand toward the replication fork in the mandatory 5' to 3' direction
, ✔✔lagging strand - ✔✔A discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates by
means of Okazaki fragments, each synthesized in a 5' to 3' direction away from the
replication fork.
✔✔What are challenges for DNA replication - ✔✔Torsion, Antiparallel Elongation,
Priming DNA synthesis
✔✔Torsion - ✔✔Being to twisted
✔✔Antiparallel Elongation - ✔✔each strand of DNA faces in an opposite direction
✔✔DNA replication machine - ✔✔Stationary Complex
✔✔What is the error rate of DNA replication? - ✔✔1/10,000
✔✔nucleotide excision repair - ✔✔The process of removing and then correctly replacing
a damaged segment of DNA using the undamaged strand as a guide.
✔✔End of replication chromosomal - ✔✔They get shorter because RNA primer can not
be replaced with DNA (Eukaryotic) Dont have the problem because they are circular
DNA (prokaryotes)
✔✔Telomeres - ✔✔DNA at the tips of chromosomes to help prevent Erosion of DNA
✔✔silent mutation - ✔✔The base pair changes but does not change the amino acid
✔✔missense mutation - ✔✔The base pair changes and so does the sequence of amino
acids
✔✔nonsense mutation - ✔✔The base pair changes and causes a stop codon
✔✔Sickle Cell mutation - ✔✔Point or missense mutation
✔✔frameshift mutation - ✔✔mutation that shifts the "reading" frame of the genetic
message by inserting or deleting a nucleotide
✔✔chromosomal mutation - ✔✔A change in the chromosome structure, resulting in new
gene combinations.
✔✔What is the process by which DNA directs protein synthesis - ✔✔Gene Expression
✔✔Two stages of gene expression - ✔✔1. Transcription
2. Translation
