NETWORK AND SECURITY FOUNDATIONS PA
AND OA EXAM 2026 UPDATED PRACTICE
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
◉ Application layer. Answer: Interacts with application programs
that incorporate a communication component such as your Internet
browser and email (HTTP, FTP, SMTP). 7th OSI layer
◉ 3 basic steps to isolate network problem. Answer: Is the
connection to the machine down? (layer 1)
Is the network down? (layer 3)
Is a service on a specific machine down? (layer 7)
◉ CSMA/CD. Answer: The Ethernet LAN media-access method,
carrier sense multiple access with collision detection
◉ Ethernet. Answer: LAN protocol created in 1972 and standardized
in 1980 using CSMA/CD.
◉ Frame. Answer: Contains the header, data, and trailer (the
padding and 4-byte CRC frame check sequence)
,◉ Frame header. Answer: Consists of the preamble, start frame
delimiter, destination and source addresses, and length/type field
◉ 64 bytes. Answer: Minimum length of an Ethernet frame
◉ 1518 bytes. Answer: Maximum length of an Ethernet frame
◉ MAC address. Answer: A unique 6-byte/48-bit address assigned
by the vendor of the network interface card displayed in 12 hex
digits
◉ Organizationally unique identifier (OUI). Answer: The first 3 bytes
of the MAC address that identifies the manufacturer of the network
hardware
◉ ipconfig /all. Answer: Enables the MAC address information to be
displayed from the command prompt
◉ IANA. Answer: The agency that assigns IP addresses to computer
networks
◉ IP address. Answer: Unique 32-bit address that identifies on
which network the computer is located as well as differentiates the
computer from all other devices on the same network
,◉ Class A networks. Answer: Governments, very large networks.
Range from 0.0.0.0 to 126.255.255.255. Example: 44.x.x.x
◉ Class B networks. Answer: Midsize companies, universities, and so
on. Range from 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255. Example: 128.123.x.x
◉ Class C networks. Answer: Small networks. Range from 192.0.0.0
to 223.255.255.255 Example: 192.168.1.x
◉ Class D networks. Answer: Reserved for multicast groups. Range
from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255. Example: 224.x.x.x
◉ Class E networks. Answer: Experimental, not used on the Internet.
Range from 240.0.0.0 to 254.255.255.255
◉ Network number. Answer: The portion of the IP address that
defines which network the IP packet is originating from or being
delivered to
◉ Host number. Answer: The portion of the IP address that defines
the location of the networking device connected to the network; also
called the host address
, ◉ Host address. Answer: Another name for the host number
◉ ipconfig. Answer: Command used to display the computer's
address
◉ Private addresses. Answer: IP addresses set aside for use in
private intranets
◉ Intranet. Answer: An internal network that provides file and
resource sharing but is not accessed from the Internet
◉ IP internetwork. Answer: A network that uses IP addressing for
identifying devices connected to the network
◉ 3 blocks for private IP addresses. Answer: 10.0.0.0-
10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0-172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0-192.168.255.255
◉ Wired network. Answer: Uses cables and connectors to establish
the network connection
◉ Wireless network. Answer: Uses radio signals to establish the
network connection
AND OA EXAM 2026 UPDATED PRACTICE
QUESTIONS AND SOLUTIONS
◉ Application layer. Answer: Interacts with application programs
that incorporate a communication component such as your Internet
browser and email (HTTP, FTP, SMTP). 7th OSI layer
◉ 3 basic steps to isolate network problem. Answer: Is the
connection to the machine down? (layer 1)
Is the network down? (layer 3)
Is a service on a specific machine down? (layer 7)
◉ CSMA/CD. Answer: The Ethernet LAN media-access method,
carrier sense multiple access with collision detection
◉ Ethernet. Answer: LAN protocol created in 1972 and standardized
in 1980 using CSMA/CD.
◉ Frame. Answer: Contains the header, data, and trailer (the
padding and 4-byte CRC frame check sequence)
,◉ Frame header. Answer: Consists of the preamble, start frame
delimiter, destination and source addresses, and length/type field
◉ 64 bytes. Answer: Minimum length of an Ethernet frame
◉ 1518 bytes. Answer: Maximum length of an Ethernet frame
◉ MAC address. Answer: A unique 6-byte/48-bit address assigned
by the vendor of the network interface card displayed in 12 hex
digits
◉ Organizationally unique identifier (OUI). Answer: The first 3 bytes
of the MAC address that identifies the manufacturer of the network
hardware
◉ ipconfig /all. Answer: Enables the MAC address information to be
displayed from the command prompt
◉ IANA. Answer: The agency that assigns IP addresses to computer
networks
◉ IP address. Answer: Unique 32-bit address that identifies on
which network the computer is located as well as differentiates the
computer from all other devices on the same network
,◉ Class A networks. Answer: Governments, very large networks.
Range from 0.0.0.0 to 126.255.255.255. Example: 44.x.x.x
◉ Class B networks. Answer: Midsize companies, universities, and so
on. Range from 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255. Example: 128.123.x.x
◉ Class C networks. Answer: Small networks. Range from 192.0.0.0
to 223.255.255.255 Example: 192.168.1.x
◉ Class D networks. Answer: Reserved for multicast groups. Range
from 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255. Example: 224.x.x.x
◉ Class E networks. Answer: Experimental, not used on the Internet.
Range from 240.0.0.0 to 254.255.255.255
◉ Network number. Answer: The portion of the IP address that
defines which network the IP packet is originating from or being
delivered to
◉ Host number. Answer: The portion of the IP address that defines
the location of the networking device connected to the network; also
called the host address
, ◉ Host address. Answer: Another name for the host number
◉ ipconfig. Answer: Command used to display the computer's
address
◉ Private addresses. Answer: IP addresses set aside for use in
private intranets
◉ Intranet. Answer: An internal network that provides file and
resource sharing but is not accessed from the Internet
◉ IP internetwork. Answer: A network that uses IP addressing for
identifying devices connected to the network
◉ 3 blocks for private IP addresses. Answer: 10.0.0.0-
10.255.255.255
172.16.0.0-172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0-192.168.255.255
◉ Wired network. Answer: Uses cables and connectors to establish
the network connection
◉ Wireless network. Answer: Uses radio signals to establish the
network connection
