CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN BIOLOGY TCU
EXAM 1 2026 STUDY GUIDE SUMMARY
WITH VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS
⩥ ATP. Answer: made during cellular respiration
- every time you do any work- use ATP
HIGH ENERGY- FULLY CHARGED
⩥ Cellular respiration. Answer: occurs- in mitochondria in every cell
recharges ADP to ATP
REQUIRES GLUCOSE
⩥ ADP. Answer: Low energy
diphosphate
cant destroy or create- just recharge
⩥ Living organisms need ATP to-. Answer: fuel cellular processes
⩥ protein. Answer: chains of Amino Acids (20)
,⩥ fat. Answer: glycerol bonded to 3 fatty acids
⩥ carbohydrates. Answer: individual or chains of simple sugar units
⩥ protein synthesis. Answer: string AA together - water release
⩥ fat synthesis. Answer: glycerol same in each
fatty acids could be different
- more double bonds- unsaturated
single bond- saturated, NOT HEALTHY
⩥ Disaccharide synthesis maltose. Answer: carbs- monosaccharide-
react together to make complex sugar
⩥ polysaccharide synthesis starch. Answer: 10 glucose (in each
molecule)
wheat, potatoes- very common
body readily digest for energy
need glucose for energy- molecules making it up
⩥ polysaccharide synthesis cellulose. Answer: humans don't produce
enzyme to digest cellulose (fiber)
calories- measure for energy
,STRUCTURAL PART OF PLANTS- anything that makes plants stand
up
leaves, grass, cotton
⩥ polysaccharide synthesis glycogen. Answer: - body holds on to this
released as energy
stored as fat
made more by your body than eats
⩥ Digestion. Answer: begins at start- in mouth, stomach, then small
intestine
⩥ salivary glands. Answer: amylase
⩥ gastric glands. Answer: HCI and Pepsin
⩥ pancreas. Answer: amylase, trypsin, lipase
⩥ liver. Answer: bile
⩥ small intestine. Answer: maltase & peptidase(aa breakdown)
, ⩥ endings of words. Answer: ase- enzyme
ose- sugar
⩥ digestion of starch. Answer: begin in mouth
glucose- absorbed in bloodstream
⩥ digestion of protein. Answer: begin in stomach
important for body to protect- we could digest ourselves
AA- into bloodstream
⩥ digestion of fat. Answer: begin in small intestine
fatty acids and glycerol
⩥ absorption of food molecules. Answer: must be small enough to move
into capillaries
⩥ why transport food molecules. Answer: must be transported bc ATP is
made in each cell - not centrally made
⩥ capillary system. Answer: tiniest part of circulatory system (tube)
every cell touches a capillary to get glucose and oxygen and get rid of
wastes- water and CO2
EXAM 1 2026 STUDY GUIDE SUMMARY
WITH VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS
⩥ ATP. Answer: made during cellular respiration
- every time you do any work- use ATP
HIGH ENERGY- FULLY CHARGED
⩥ Cellular respiration. Answer: occurs- in mitochondria in every cell
recharges ADP to ATP
REQUIRES GLUCOSE
⩥ ADP. Answer: Low energy
diphosphate
cant destroy or create- just recharge
⩥ Living organisms need ATP to-. Answer: fuel cellular processes
⩥ protein. Answer: chains of Amino Acids (20)
,⩥ fat. Answer: glycerol bonded to 3 fatty acids
⩥ carbohydrates. Answer: individual or chains of simple sugar units
⩥ protein synthesis. Answer: string AA together - water release
⩥ fat synthesis. Answer: glycerol same in each
fatty acids could be different
- more double bonds- unsaturated
single bond- saturated, NOT HEALTHY
⩥ Disaccharide synthesis maltose. Answer: carbs- monosaccharide-
react together to make complex sugar
⩥ polysaccharide synthesis starch. Answer: 10 glucose (in each
molecule)
wheat, potatoes- very common
body readily digest for energy
need glucose for energy- molecules making it up
⩥ polysaccharide synthesis cellulose. Answer: humans don't produce
enzyme to digest cellulose (fiber)
calories- measure for energy
,STRUCTURAL PART OF PLANTS- anything that makes plants stand
up
leaves, grass, cotton
⩥ polysaccharide synthesis glycogen. Answer: - body holds on to this
released as energy
stored as fat
made more by your body than eats
⩥ Digestion. Answer: begins at start- in mouth, stomach, then small
intestine
⩥ salivary glands. Answer: amylase
⩥ gastric glands. Answer: HCI and Pepsin
⩥ pancreas. Answer: amylase, trypsin, lipase
⩥ liver. Answer: bile
⩥ small intestine. Answer: maltase & peptidase(aa breakdown)
, ⩥ endings of words. Answer: ase- enzyme
ose- sugar
⩥ digestion of starch. Answer: begin in mouth
glucose- absorbed in bloodstream
⩥ digestion of protein. Answer: begin in stomach
important for body to protect- we could digest ourselves
AA- into bloodstream
⩥ digestion of fat. Answer: begin in small intestine
fatty acids and glycerol
⩥ absorption of food molecules. Answer: must be small enough to move
into capillaries
⩥ why transport food molecules. Answer: must be transported bc ATP is
made in each cell - not centrally made
⩥ capillary system. Answer: tiniest part of circulatory system (tube)
every cell touches a capillary to get glucose and oxygen and get rid of
wastes- water and CO2
