WGU PATHOPHYSIOLOGY D236 FINAL EXAM ACTUAL
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Turner Syndrome - characteristics - ✔✔Patients with suspected Turner syndrome
require genetic testing and hormone level evaluation. Echocardiogram, bone density,
and bone age testing are necessary. Treatment involves estrogen therapy and growth
hormone administration. The patient should be treated symptomatically for all other
effects of the disease.
#Underdeveloped ovaries (sterile)
#Short stature (~ 4'7")
#Webbing of the neck
#Edema
#Underdeveloped breasts; wide nipples
#High number of aborted fetuses
✔✔Lymphedema - ✔✔This is the swelling or accumulation of the fluid due to a blockage
in the lymphatic system caused by scar tissues from damaged lymph vessels or lymph
nodes.
It is often seen in patients who had their lymph nodes removed and had surgery or
radiation to remove cancer.
✔✔Lymphadenitis - ✔✔Lymphadenitis is the medical term for enlargement in one or
more lymph nodes, usually due to infection.
Lymph nodes are filled with white blood cells that help the body fight infections.
✔✔Lymphadenopathy - ✔✔Enlarged lymph nodes that become palpable and tender.
✔✔Bladder Cancer vs Kidney Cancer - ✔✔Kidney cancer, also known as renal cancer,
occurs when cells in the kidney grow out of control, clump together, and form a
malignant tumor.
The most common risk factor for developing kidney cancer is smoking. Bladder cancer
is a common type of cancer that begins in the cells of the bladder.
✔✔Bladder cancer sign and symptoms, treatments - ✔✔The cardinal feature of bladder
cancer is
#Painless, intermittent, gross hematuria.
#Frequency, pain, and burning on urination.
#Sensation of incomplete bladder emptying.
, Some types of bladder cancer present similarly to a UTI with urgency, frequency, and
dysuria. Usually located deep within the bladder, bladder cancer rarely presents as a
palpable mass.
Painless hematuria is usually the only sign of bladder cancer.
Surgical treatment involves a transurethral resection of the tumor. Chemotherapy,
immunotherapy, and radiation therapy are also used to eradicate the tumor or reduce
tumor size. Radical cystectomy with urinary diversion may be necessary for very large
invasive tumors.
✔✔Mitral regurgitation - ✔✔In the left ventricle, papillary muscle rupture causes the
mitral valve to be unable to close. With each contraction of the left ventricle, blood flows
upward through the loose mitral valve into the left atrium. This causes a mitral valve
regurgitation murmur, also called mitral insufficiency.
As a consequence, mitral regurgitation often causes backup of blood and hydrostatic
pressure into the left atrium, pulmonary veins, and pulmonary capillaries, causing
pulmonary edema.
✔✔Mitral stenosis - ✔✔In mitral stenosis, blood from the left atrium meets resistance
when flowing through the narrowed mitral valve into the left ventricle. Mitral stenosis is
the narrowing of the mitral valve, which controls blood flow from the heart's left atrium to
the left ventricle. The left ventricle is your heart's main pumping chamber.
In mitral stenosis, blood from the left atrium meets resistance when flowing through the
narrowed mitral valve into the left ventricle.The main cause of mitral valve stenosis is an
infection called rheumatic fever, which is related to strep infections.
Blood thinners (anticoagulants) to help prevent blood clots. Beta-blockers, calcium
channel blockers, or digitalis glycosides to slow your heart rate and allow your heart to
fill more effectively. Anti-arrhythmics to treat atrial fibrillation or other irregular heart
rhythms associated with mitral valve stenosis.
✔✔Aortic regurgitation - ✔✔Aortic valve regurgitation — or aortic regurgitation — is a
condition that occurs when your heart's aortic valve doesn't close tightly. As a result,
some of the blood pumped out of your heart's main pumping chamber (left ventricle)
leaks backward.
✔✔Aortic stenosis - ✔✔Aortic stenosis is one of the most common and serious valve
disease problems. Aortic stenosis is a narrowing of the aortic valve opening.
Aortic stenosis restricts the blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta and may also
affect the pressure in the left atrium.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Turner Syndrome - characteristics - ✔✔Patients with suspected Turner syndrome
require genetic testing and hormone level evaluation. Echocardiogram, bone density,
and bone age testing are necessary. Treatment involves estrogen therapy and growth
hormone administration. The patient should be treated symptomatically for all other
effects of the disease.
#Underdeveloped ovaries (sterile)
#Short stature (~ 4'7")
#Webbing of the neck
#Edema
#Underdeveloped breasts; wide nipples
#High number of aborted fetuses
✔✔Lymphedema - ✔✔This is the swelling or accumulation of the fluid due to a blockage
in the lymphatic system caused by scar tissues from damaged lymph vessels or lymph
nodes.
It is often seen in patients who had their lymph nodes removed and had surgery or
radiation to remove cancer.
✔✔Lymphadenitis - ✔✔Lymphadenitis is the medical term for enlargement in one or
more lymph nodes, usually due to infection.
Lymph nodes are filled with white blood cells that help the body fight infections.
✔✔Lymphadenopathy - ✔✔Enlarged lymph nodes that become palpable and tender.
✔✔Bladder Cancer vs Kidney Cancer - ✔✔Kidney cancer, also known as renal cancer,
occurs when cells in the kidney grow out of control, clump together, and form a
malignant tumor.
The most common risk factor for developing kidney cancer is smoking. Bladder cancer
is a common type of cancer that begins in the cells of the bladder.
✔✔Bladder cancer sign and symptoms, treatments - ✔✔The cardinal feature of bladder
cancer is
#Painless, intermittent, gross hematuria.
#Frequency, pain, and burning on urination.
#Sensation of incomplete bladder emptying.
, Some types of bladder cancer present similarly to a UTI with urgency, frequency, and
dysuria. Usually located deep within the bladder, bladder cancer rarely presents as a
palpable mass.
Painless hematuria is usually the only sign of bladder cancer.
Surgical treatment involves a transurethral resection of the tumor. Chemotherapy,
immunotherapy, and radiation therapy are also used to eradicate the tumor or reduce
tumor size. Radical cystectomy with urinary diversion may be necessary for very large
invasive tumors.
✔✔Mitral regurgitation - ✔✔In the left ventricle, papillary muscle rupture causes the
mitral valve to be unable to close. With each contraction of the left ventricle, blood flows
upward through the loose mitral valve into the left atrium. This causes a mitral valve
regurgitation murmur, also called mitral insufficiency.
As a consequence, mitral regurgitation often causes backup of blood and hydrostatic
pressure into the left atrium, pulmonary veins, and pulmonary capillaries, causing
pulmonary edema.
✔✔Mitral stenosis - ✔✔In mitral stenosis, blood from the left atrium meets resistance
when flowing through the narrowed mitral valve into the left ventricle. Mitral stenosis is
the narrowing of the mitral valve, which controls blood flow from the heart's left atrium to
the left ventricle. The left ventricle is your heart's main pumping chamber.
In mitral stenosis, blood from the left atrium meets resistance when flowing through the
narrowed mitral valve into the left ventricle.The main cause of mitral valve stenosis is an
infection called rheumatic fever, which is related to strep infections.
Blood thinners (anticoagulants) to help prevent blood clots. Beta-blockers, calcium
channel blockers, or digitalis glycosides to slow your heart rate and allow your heart to
fill more effectively. Anti-arrhythmics to treat atrial fibrillation or other irregular heart
rhythms associated with mitral valve stenosis.
✔✔Aortic regurgitation - ✔✔Aortic valve regurgitation — or aortic regurgitation — is a
condition that occurs when your heart's aortic valve doesn't close tightly. As a result,
some of the blood pumped out of your heart's main pumping chamber (left ventricle)
leaks backward.
✔✔Aortic stenosis - ✔✔Aortic stenosis is one of the most common and serious valve
disease problems. Aortic stenosis is a narrowing of the aortic valve opening.
Aortic stenosis restricts the blood flow from the left ventricle to the aorta and may also
affect the pressure in the left atrium.
