ARRT BONE DENSITY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
GUARANTEE A+
✔✔What is the recommended calcium intake for men/women age 25-50 years old? -
✔✔1000 mg/day
✔✔What is the recommended calcium intake for men and women on ERT age 51-64
years old? - ✔✔1000 mg/day
✔✔What is the recommended dose of calcium for women age 51 and older that are not
on ERT? - ✔✔1500 mg/day
✔✔How is calcium absorbed? - ✔✔-primarily in the small intestines
-usually complete within 4 hours of intake
-only 500 mg of calcium is absorbed at a time
✔✔What are the lifestyle risk factors for osteoporosis? - ✔✔1. inactivity
2. excessive use of alcohol
3. smoking
4. caffeine ingestion
✔✔Why is Vitamin D needed? - ✔✔it is needed to absorb calcium
✔✔How much Vitamin D is needed? - ✔✔800 iu- 1200 iu per day
✔✔What are the 2 exceptions that medicare won't cover a DXA for the Bone Mass
Measurement Act? - ✔✔1. patients on glucocorticoid therapy for more than 3 months
2. if BD technique would not be used for monitoring
✔✔What are the Pros of exercise? - ✔✔-decrease risk of falling
-improve bone strength and bone mass
-improve mood
✔✔What are the 2 exercises recommended for prevention of osteoporosis? - ✔✔1.
weight bearing exercise
2. resistence exercise
✔✔Examples of Weight Bearing Exercise - ✔✔-walking
,-running
✔✔Examples of Resistence Exercise - ✔✔-weights
-anything that causes a muscle to contract
✔✔smoking hinders healing after fracture - ✔✔
✔✔caffeine affects calcium absorption - ✔✔
✔✔Glucocorticoids effect on bones - ✔✔-long term use decreases bone formation
✔✔What is the #1 cause of secondary osteoporosis? - ✔✔glucocorticoids
✔✔Relative Risk/Risk Ratio - ✔✔the strength of an association between a factor and an
outcome
✔✔As BMD decreases by 1 SD Relative Risk is multiplied by 2 - ✔✔
✔✔As age increases every 10 years Relative Risk multiplies by 2 - ✔✔
✔✔After each fracture, Relative Risk multiplies by 2 - ✔✔
✔✔Atypical Subtrochanteric and Femoral Shaft Fractures - ✔✔-rare types of fractures
-more common in patients taking bisphosphonates
-pain in thigh precedes fracture
✔✔Effects of Anatacids on osteoporosis - ✔✔-contain Aluminum
-inhibts phosphorus absorption
✔✔instruct patient to lie in their natural position and breathe normal - ✔✔
✔✔docuent anything out of the ordinary - ✔✔
✔✔What is the measurement of absorbed dose? - ✔✔gray (gy)
✔✔What is the measurement for effective dose? - ✔✔Sievert (Sv)
✔✔What are the 2 measurement modes of DXA? - ✔✔1. Scan Speed
2. Thickness Levels
, ✔✔Dual Photon Absorptiometry (DPA) - ✔✔-measures the attenuation of the beam
through bone and soft tissue
-used Gadolineum-153 at energies of 40 kev and 100 kev
✔✔What kev energies did Gadolinium-153 give off? - ✔✔44 kev and 100 kev
✔✔Advantages of Dual Photon Absoptiometry (DPA) - ✔✔-allowed us to image the
spine and proximal femur
✔✔Limitations of Dual Photon Absorptiometry - ✔✔-long scan times
-half-life
-costly
✔✔Dual X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) - ✔✔-isotope in DPA was replaced with an x-ray
tube
-uses k-edge filters or energy switching
-2 low dose x-rays are absorbed
✔✔Advantages of DXA - ✔✔-low dose
-high resolution
-good precision
-stable calibration
-short scan time
✔✔Disadvantage of DXA - ✔✔-doesn't take into account bone thickness
-it's influenced by body size and bone size
-integrates cortical and trabecular bone
✔✔What makes up the x-ray tube? - ✔✔-cathode and anode encased in a vacuum tube
-high voltage generator
✔✔What are the 2 collimators used for DXA? - ✔✔1. fan
2. pinhole (no longer used)
✔✔What detector is used on a DXA machine? - ✔✔1. k-edge
or
2. energy switching
✔✔What is the "gold standard" to study bone mass? - ✔✔DXA
GUARANTEE A+
✔✔What is the recommended calcium intake for men/women age 25-50 years old? -
✔✔1000 mg/day
✔✔What is the recommended calcium intake for men and women on ERT age 51-64
years old? - ✔✔1000 mg/day
✔✔What is the recommended dose of calcium for women age 51 and older that are not
on ERT? - ✔✔1500 mg/day
✔✔How is calcium absorbed? - ✔✔-primarily in the small intestines
-usually complete within 4 hours of intake
-only 500 mg of calcium is absorbed at a time
✔✔What are the lifestyle risk factors for osteoporosis? - ✔✔1. inactivity
2. excessive use of alcohol
3. smoking
4. caffeine ingestion
✔✔Why is Vitamin D needed? - ✔✔it is needed to absorb calcium
✔✔How much Vitamin D is needed? - ✔✔800 iu- 1200 iu per day
✔✔What are the 2 exceptions that medicare won't cover a DXA for the Bone Mass
Measurement Act? - ✔✔1. patients on glucocorticoid therapy for more than 3 months
2. if BD technique would not be used for monitoring
✔✔What are the Pros of exercise? - ✔✔-decrease risk of falling
-improve bone strength and bone mass
-improve mood
✔✔What are the 2 exercises recommended for prevention of osteoporosis? - ✔✔1.
weight bearing exercise
2. resistence exercise
✔✔Examples of Weight Bearing Exercise - ✔✔-walking
,-running
✔✔Examples of Resistence Exercise - ✔✔-weights
-anything that causes a muscle to contract
✔✔smoking hinders healing after fracture - ✔✔
✔✔caffeine affects calcium absorption - ✔✔
✔✔Glucocorticoids effect on bones - ✔✔-long term use decreases bone formation
✔✔What is the #1 cause of secondary osteoporosis? - ✔✔glucocorticoids
✔✔Relative Risk/Risk Ratio - ✔✔the strength of an association between a factor and an
outcome
✔✔As BMD decreases by 1 SD Relative Risk is multiplied by 2 - ✔✔
✔✔As age increases every 10 years Relative Risk multiplies by 2 - ✔✔
✔✔After each fracture, Relative Risk multiplies by 2 - ✔✔
✔✔Atypical Subtrochanteric and Femoral Shaft Fractures - ✔✔-rare types of fractures
-more common in patients taking bisphosphonates
-pain in thigh precedes fracture
✔✔Effects of Anatacids on osteoporosis - ✔✔-contain Aluminum
-inhibts phosphorus absorption
✔✔instruct patient to lie in their natural position and breathe normal - ✔✔
✔✔docuent anything out of the ordinary - ✔✔
✔✔What is the measurement of absorbed dose? - ✔✔gray (gy)
✔✔What is the measurement for effective dose? - ✔✔Sievert (Sv)
✔✔What are the 2 measurement modes of DXA? - ✔✔1. Scan Speed
2. Thickness Levels
, ✔✔Dual Photon Absorptiometry (DPA) - ✔✔-measures the attenuation of the beam
through bone and soft tissue
-used Gadolineum-153 at energies of 40 kev and 100 kev
✔✔What kev energies did Gadolinium-153 give off? - ✔✔44 kev and 100 kev
✔✔Advantages of Dual Photon Absoptiometry (DPA) - ✔✔-allowed us to image the
spine and proximal femur
✔✔Limitations of Dual Photon Absorptiometry - ✔✔-long scan times
-half-life
-costly
✔✔Dual X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) - ✔✔-isotope in DPA was replaced with an x-ray
tube
-uses k-edge filters or energy switching
-2 low dose x-rays are absorbed
✔✔Advantages of DXA - ✔✔-low dose
-high resolution
-good precision
-stable calibration
-short scan time
✔✔Disadvantage of DXA - ✔✔-doesn't take into account bone thickness
-it's influenced by body size and bone size
-integrates cortical and trabecular bone
✔✔What makes up the x-ray tube? - ✔✔-cathode and anode encased in a vacuum tube
-high voltage generator
✔✔What are the 2 collimators used for DXA? - ✔✔1. fan
2. pinhole (no longer used)
✔✔What detector is used on a DXA machine? - ✔✔1. k-edge
or
2. energy switching
✔✔What is the "gold standard" to study bone mass? - ✔✔DXA
