ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY FINAL EXAM
REVIEW QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS
WhatA2areA2theA2stepsA2ofA2theA2AnalyticalA2perspectiveA2-A2Ans--
1.A2IdentifyA2andA2DefineA2Problem
2.A2DesignA2ExperimentalA2procedureA2
3.A2ConductA2experimentA2andA2gatherA2dataA2
4.A2AnalyzeA2ExperimentalA2dataA2
5.A2ProposeA2solutionA2toA2Problem
qualitativeA2analysisA2-A2Ans--
IdentifyA2elements,A2ions,A2andA2compoundsA2inA2theA2sample
quantitativeA2analysisA2-A2Ans--
DetermineA2theA2amountA2ofA2eachA2substanceA2inA2aA2sample
unitA2andA2symbolA2forA2electricA2currentA2-A2Ans--ampere,A2A
UnitA2andA2symbolA2forA2luminousA2intensityA2-A2Ans--candelaA2(cd)
UnitA2andA2symbolA2forA2massA2-A2Ans--kilogramA2(kg)
UnitA2andA2symbolA2forA2lengthA2-A2Ans--meterA2(m)
unitA2andA2symbolA2forA2timeA2-A2Ans--secondA2(s)
UnitA2andA2symbolA2forA2temperatureA2-A2Ans--KelvinA2(K)
UnitA2andA2symbolA2forA2amountA2ofA2substanceA2-A2Ans--moleA2(mol)
Non-zeroA2digitsA2areA2alwaysA2significant.A2-A2Ans--SignificantA2figuresA2ruleA21
LeadingA2zerosA2beforeA2non-zeroA2digitsA2areA2neverA2significantA2-A2Ans--
significantA2figuresA2ruleA22
ZeroesA2betweenA2nonzeroA2numbersA2areA2significant.A2ex:A27006A2hasA24A2sigA2figs.A2-
A2Ans--SignificantA2figuresA2ruleA23
TrailingA2zerosA2areA2onlyA2significantA2ifA2thereA2isA2aA2decimalA2-A2Ans--
SignificantA2figuresA2ruleA24
MA2=A2n/LA2
, nA2=A2moleA2ofA2soluteA2
LA2=A2LitersA2ofA2solution
concentrationA2ofA2solutionA2expressedA2inA2moleA2ofA2soluteA2perA2literA2ofA2solution,A2te
mperatureA2dependentA2-A2Ans--Molarity
WhatA2areA2theA210A2criteriaA2forA2theA2analyticalA2methodA2-A2Ans--
Accuracy,A2precision,A2sensitivity,A2selectivity,A2robustness,A2ruggedness,A2scaleA2ofA2op
eration,A2analysisA2time,A2availabilityA2ofA2equipment,A2andA2cost
AccuracyA2-A2Ans--
refersA2toA2howA2closeA2aA2measuredA2valueA2isA2toA2anA2acceptedA2value
PrecisionA2-A2Ans--
TheA2degreeA2toA2whichA2repeatedA2measurementsA2showA2theA2sameA2result.
SensitivityA2-A2Ans--
theA2abilityA2toA2detectA2orA2senseA2stimuliA2inA2theA2internalA2orA2externalA2environmentA2
andA2toA2makeA2appropriateA2responses
SelectivityA2-A2Ans--
aA2processA2byA2whichA2someA2aspectsA2ofA2theA2worldA2areA2viewedA2asA2importantA2whil
eA2othersA2areA2virtuallyA2neglected
RobustnessA2-A2Ans--
abilityA2ofA2anA2analyticalA2methodA2toA2beA2unaffectedA2byA2small,A2deliberateA2changesA
2inA2operatingA2parameters
RuggednessA2-A2Ans--
AA2methodA2insensitiveA2toA2changesA2inA2experimentalA2conditions
methodA2blankA2-A2Ans--aA2solutionA2thatA2doesA2notA2containA2theA2sample
CalibrationA2-A2Ans--
TheA2processA2ofA2experimentallyA2determiningA2theA2valueA2ofA2kAA2byA2measuringA2theA
2signalA2forA2oneA2orA2moreA2standardA2samples
RangeA2equationA2-A2Ans--max-min
errorA2-A2Ans--
theA2differenceA2betweenA2theA2experimentalA2valueA2andA2theA2acceptedA2value
uncertaintyA2-A2Ans--
anA2estimateA2ofA2howA2muchA2aA2measuredA2orA2calculatedA2valueA2differsA2fromA2aA2tru
eA2value
REVIEW QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS
WhatA2areA2theA2stepsA2ofA2theA2AnalyticalA2perspectiveA2-A2Ans--
1.A2IdentifyA2andA2DefineA2Problem
2.A2DesignA2ExperimentalA2procedureA2
3.A2ConductA2experimentA2andA2gatherA2dataA2
4.A2AnalyzeA2ExperimentalA2dataA2
5.A2ProposeA2solutionA2toA2Problem
qualitativeA2analysisA2-A2Ans--
IdentifyA2elements,A2ions,A2andA2compoundsA2inA2theA2sample
quantitativeA2analysisA2-A2Ans--
DetermineA2theA2amountA2ofA2eachA2substanceA2inA2aA2sample
unitA2andA2symbolA2forA2electricA2currentA2-A2Ans--ampere,A2A
UnitA2andA2symbolA2forA2luminousA2intensityA2-A2Ans--candelaA2(cd)
UnitA2andA2symbolA2forA2massA2-A2Ans--kilogramA2(kg)
UnitA2andA2symbolA2forA2lengthA2-A2Ans--meterA2(m)
unitA2andA2symbolA2forA2timeA2-A2Ans--secondA2(s)
UnitA2andA2symbolA2forA2temperatureA2-A2Ans--KelvinA2(K)
UnitA2andA2symbolA2forA2amountA2ofA2substanceA2-A2Ans--moleA2(mol)
Non-zeroA2digitsA2areA2alwaysA2significant.A2-A2Ans--SignificantA2figuresA2ruleA21
LeadingA2zerosA2beforeA2non-zeroA2digitsA2areA2neverA2significantA2-A2Ans--
significantA2figuresA2ruleA22
ZeroesA2betweenA2nonzeroA2numbersA2areA2significant.A2ex:A27006A2hasA24A2sigA2figs.A2-
A2Ans--SignificantA2figuresA2ruleA23
TrailingA2zerosA2areA2onlyA2significantA2ifA2thereA2isA2aA2decimalA2-A2Ans--
SignificantA2figuresA2ruleA24
MA2=A2n/LA2
, nA2=A2moleA2ofA2soluteA2
LA2=A2LitersA2ofA2solution
concentrationA2ofA2solutionA2expressedA2inA2moleA2ofA2soluteA2perA2literA2ofA2solution,A2te
mperatureA2dependentA2-A2Ans--Molarity
WhatA2areA2theA210A2criteriaA2forA2theA2analyticalA2methodA2-A2Ans--
Accuracy,A2precision,A2sensitivity,A2selectivity,A2robustness,A2ruggedness,A2scaleA2ofA2op
eration,A2analysisA2time,A2availabilityA2ofA2equipment,A2andA2cost
AccuracyA2-A2Ans--
refersA2toA2howA2closeA2aA2measuredA2valueA2isA2toA2anA2acceptedA2value
PrecisionA2-A2Ans--
TheA2degreeA2toA2whichA2repeatedA2measurementsA2showA2theA2sameA2result.
SensitivityA2-A2Ans--
theA2abilityA2toA2detectA2orA2senseA2stimuliA2inA2theA2internalA2orA2externalA2environmentA2
andA2toA2makeA2appropriateA2responses
SelectivityA2-A2Ans--
aA2processA2byA2whichA2someA2aspectsA2ofA2theA2worldA2areA2viewedA2asA2importantA2whil
eA2othersA2areA2virtuallyA2neglected
RobustnessA2-A2Ans--
abilityA2ofA2anA2analyticalA2methodA2toA2beA2unaffectedA2byA2small,A2deliberateA2changesA
2inA2operatingA2parameters
RuggednessA2-A2Ans--
AA2methodA2insensitiveA2toA2changesA2inA2experimentalA2conditions
methodA2blankA2-A2Ans--aA2solutionA2thatA2doesA2notA2containA2theA2sample
CalibrationA2-A2Ans--
TheA2processA2ofA2experimentallyA2determiningA2theA2valueA2ofA2kAA2byA2measuringA2theA
2signalA2forA2oneA2orA2moreA2standardA2samples
RangeA2equationA2-A2Ans--max-min
errorA2-A2Ans--
theA2differenceA2betweenA2theA2experimentalA2valueA2andA2theA2acceptedA2value
uncertaintyA2-A2Ans--
anA2estimateA2ofA2howA2muchA2aA2measuredA2orA2calculatedA2valueA2differsA2fromA2aA2tru
eA2value