INORGANIC CHEMISTRY ACS: STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS

INORGANIC CHEMISTRY ACS: STUDY
GUIDE QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS
IonizationA2energyA2-A2Ans--
energyA2requiredA2toA2removeA2theA2leastA2tightlyA2boundA2electronA2fromA2aA2neutralA2ato
mA2inA2theA2gasA2phase

periodicA2trendA2ofA2ionizationA2energyA2-A2Ans--highestA2atA2topA2right-
smallerA2electron=harderA2toA2remove

WhyA2isA2aA2halfA2filledA2subshellA2soA2stable?A2-A2Ans--
itA2servesA2toA2maximizeA2theA2stabilizingA2interactionsA2whileA2minimizingA2theA2destabili
zingA2interactionsA2amongA2electrons

exchangeA2interactionA2-A2Ans--
pie,A2stabilizing,A2resultA2ofA2electronsA2pairingA2inA2degenerateA2orbitalsA2withA2parallelA2
spin

pairingA2energyA2-A2Ans--destabilizing,A2coulombA2interaction,A2pic,A2energyA2ofA2electron-
electronA2repulsionA2inA2aA2filledA2orbital

IsA2itA2easierA2toA2ionizeA2aA2highA2energyA2orA2lowA2energyA2electronsA2-A2Ans--
highA2energyA2electron-
alreadyA2containsA2moreA2energyA2soA2itA2requiresA2lessA2energyA2input

WhatA2happensA2whenA2aA23dA2seriesA2metalA2isA2ionized?A2-A2Ans--
theA2firstA2electronA2toA2beA2ionizedA2willA2comeA2fromA2theA24sA2orbital,A2theA2otherA2sA2el
ectronA2willA2enterA2theA2dA2orbitalA2(4s03dn+1)

lanthanideA2contractionA2-A2Ans--
reductionA2inA2atomicA2radiusA2followingA2theA2lanthanideA2series,A2contraryA2toA2theA2ove
rallA2trendA2observedA2forA2theA2periodicA2table

lanthanidesA2-A2Ans--elementsA257-
71,A2firstA2appearanceA2ofA2fA2orbitals,A2fA2orbitalsA2areA2poorA2atA2shieldingA2soA2anyA2ele
ctronsA2ddedA2willA2haveA2aA2higherA2Zeff,A2shrinkingA2theA2radius

Slater'sA2rulesA2-A2Ans--tellA2usA2whatA2theA2effectiveA2nuclearA2chargeA2willA2be,A2Zeff=Z-
sigma,A2ZA2isA2theA2atomicA2number,A2sigma=sumA2ofA2theA2numberA2ofA2electronsA2inA2aA
2givenA2subtleA2multipliedA2byA2aA2weightingA2coefficientA2(pageA21)

,ShieldingA2-A2Ans--
theA2reductionA2inA2chargeA2attractionA2betweenA2theA2nucleusA2andA2electronsA2dueA2toA2
electronsA2betweenA2theA2nucleusA2andA2theA2electronA2inA2question,A2itA2isA2consideredA2
theA2beA2betweenA2ifA2itA2hasA2aA2lowerA2energy

penetrationA2-A2Ans--
whenA2anA2electronA2ofA2aA2higherA2atomicA2orbitalA2isA2foundA2withinA2theA2shellA2ofA2elec
tronsA2ofA2aA2lowerA2atomicA2number,A2thatA2isA2toA2sayA2thatA2anA2electronA2ofA2higherA2e
nergyA2isA2foundA2withinA2anA2orbitalA2ofA2lowerA2energy

electronA2affinityA2-A2Ans--
theA2differenceA2inA2energyA2forA2aA2neutralA2gaseousA2atom,A2andA2theA2gaseousA2anion.
A2usedA2interchangeablyA2withA2electronA2gainA2enthalpy.A2moreA2positive=moreA2stableA2
EAA2withA2theA2additionalA2electron,A2moreA2positiveA2EGE=moreA2stableA2withA2extraA2el
ectron

CombinationA2ofA2electronA2affinityA2andA2ionizationA2energyA2-A2Ans--
electronegativity,A2overallA2measureA2ofA2anA2atomsA2abilityA2toA2attractA2electronsA2toA2its
elfA2whenA2partA2ofA2aA2compound,A2fluorineA2hasA2highestA2electronegativity

polarizabilityA2-A2Ans--
anA2atomsA2abilityA2toA2beA2distortedA2byA2anA2electricA2field,A2regionsA2ofA2aA2moleculeA2c
anA2takeA2onA2partialA2positiveA2orA2partialA2negativeA2charge

WhyA2doA2weA2useA2theA2hydrogenA2systemA2approximationA2-A2Ans--
systemsA2involvingA2multipleA2electronsA2areA2muchA2moreA2complex,A2andA2theyA2requir
eA2theA2useA2ofA2quantumA2mechanics

WhatA2isA2theA2formulaA2forA2theA2energyA2ofA2aA2hydrogenA2orbitalA2-A2Ans--E=-
13.6(eV)*(Z^2/n^2),A2hA2isA2plancksA2constantA2(backgroundA2onA2pgA24)

EnergyA2canA2beA2expressedA2in...A2-A2Ans--Joules,A2wavenumber,A2inverseA2centimeters

quantumA2numberA2NA2-A2Ans--
principleA2quantumA2number,A2definesA2energyA2andA2sizeA2ofA2orbital

quantumA2numberA2LA2-A2Ans--
orbitalA2angularA2momentumA2quantumA2number,A2definesA2theA2magnitudeA2ofA2theA2orbi
talA2angularA2momentum,A2asA2wellA2asA2theA2angularA2shapeA2ofA2theA2orbital,A2LA2canA2h
aveA2valuesA2ofA20A2toA2n-1.

quantumA2numberA2MlA2-A2Ans--
magneticA2quantumA2number,A2describesA2theA2orientationA2ofA2theA2angularA2momentum
,A2mlA2canA2haveA2valuesA2ofA20A2toA2+/-1

, quantumA2numberA2MsA2-A2Ans--
spinA2magneticA2quantumA2number,A2definesA2intrinsicA2angularA2momentumA2ofA2anA2ele
ctron,A2MsA2canA2haveA2valuesA2ofA2eitherA2+1/2A2orA2-1/2

RadialA2wavefunctionA2-A2Ans--
(R(r)),A2alongA2withA2theA2angularA2wavefunction,A2givesA2usA2theA2orbitals.A2WithA2aA2wav
eA2functionA2itA2isA2possibleA2toA2completelyA2characterizeA2aA2particle,A2goesA2toA2zeroA2a
tA2infinity,A2produceA2characteristicA2shapesA2whenA2graphed

RadialA2distributionA2functionA2-A2Ans--
aA2plotA2ofA2R^2(r)r^2,A2tellsA2usA2probabilityA2ofA2findingA2anA2electronA2atA2aA2certainA2dis
tanceA2fromA2theA2nucleus,A2everyA2orbitalA2hasA2aA2differentA2radialA2distributionA2functio
nA2andA2aA2nodeA2onA2theA2graphA2isA2aA2regionA2ofA2zeroA2probability

BohrA2radiusA2-A2Ans--
theA2mostA2probablyA2distanceA2toA2findA2theA2electronA2inA2aA2oneA2proton,A2oneA2electro
nA2systemA2(52.9A2pico-meters)

WhatA2orbitalsA2correspondA2toA2l=0A2throughA2l=4A2-A2Ans--
L=0=s,A2L=1=p,A2L=2=d,A2L=3=f,A2L=4=g

BuildingA2upA2principle/Hund'sA2ruleA2-A2Ans--
whenA2degenerateA2orbitalsA2areA2availableA2forA2occupation,A2electronsA2occupyA2separ
ateA2orbitalsA2withA2parallelA2spin

PauliA2exclusionA2principleA2-A2Ans--
noA2moreA2thanA2twoA2electronsA2canA2occupyA2aA2singleA2orbital,A2andA2toA2doA2so,A2their
A2spinsA2mustA2beA2paired


DescibeA2VSEPRA2-A2Ans--
purposeA2isA2toA2predictA2molecularA2geometries,A2basicA2assumptionA2isA2thatA2regionsA2
ofA2enhancedA2electronA2densityA2takeA2positionsA2asA2farA2apartA2asA2possibleA2inA2order
A2toA2minimizeA2repulsiveA2forces.


RelativeA2repulsionA2strengthsA2VSEPRA2-A2Ans--
loneA2pair>A2multipleA2bonds>A2singleA2bonds

ValenceA2bondA2theoryA2-A2Ans--
explainsA2chemicalA2bondingA2byA2consideringA2theA2overlapA2ofA2tomicA2orbitals,A2waveA2
patternsA2ofA2atomicA2orbitalsA2interfereA2constructivelyA2toA2formA2aA2bond,A2sigmaA2isA2f
ormedA2whenA2orbitalA2overlapA2hasA2cylindricalA2symmetry,A2piA2bondA2formsA2whenA2the
yA2overlapA2sideA2byA2sideA2afterA2theA2formationA2ofA2aA2sigmaA2bond

HowA2isA2hybridizationA2usedA2inA2valenceA2bondA2theoryA2-A2Ans--
explainsA2bondingA2whereA2theA2numberA2ofA2equivalentA2bondsA2exceedsA2theA2numberA
2ofA2valenceA2orbitals