carb chem

JF


CHAPTER 4

CARBOHYDRATE CHEMISTRY



1) DEFINITION OF CARBOHYDRATES

2) CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES

3) FUNCTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES

4) PROPERTIES OF CARBOHYDRATES

5) REACTIONS OF CARBOHYDRATES

6) DERIVATIVES OF CARBOHYDRATES

7) MONOSACCHARIDES

8) DISACCHARIDES

9) HOMO-POLYSACCHARIDES

10) HETERO-POLYSACCHARIDES

11) MUCOPOLYSACCHARIDOSIS

, CARBOHYDRATE CHEMISTRY



DEFINITION OF CARBOHYDRATES

Carbohydrates may be defined as polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or
compounds which produce them on hydrolysis



CLASSIFICATION OF CARBOHYDRATES

Carbohydrates are classified into 3 groups:

1. Monosaccharides

2. Oligosaccharides

3. Polysaccharides



MONOSACCHARIDES

1. Monosaccharides are the simplest group of carbohydrates and are
referred to as simple sugars

2. They cannot be further hydrolysed

3. The mono-saccharides are divided into different categories depending on
the functional group and the number of carbon atoms

4. When the functional group in monosaccharides is an aldehyde, they are
known as aldoses e.g. glyceraldehyde and glucose

, 5. When the functional group is a keto group, they are known as ketoses e.g.
dihydroxyacetone and fructose

6. Based on the number of carbon atoms, the monosaccharides are
regarded as trioses (3C), tetroses (4C), pentoses (5C), hexoses (6C) and
heptoses (7C).



MONO ALDOSE KETOSE
SACCHARIDE
TRIOSE GLYCER DIHYDROXY
ALDEHYDE ACETONE
TETROSE ERYTHROSE ERYTHRULOSE
PENTOSE RIBOSE RIBULOSE
HEXOSE GLUCOSE FRUCTOSE
HEPTOSE GLUCO SEDO
HEPTOSE HEPTULOSE