BIO 130 ALL 2026 EXAMINATION SET QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Intraspecific vs interspecific - ✔✔tra = it involves the relationship between
individuals of the SAME species
ter = it involves DIFFERENT species
✔✔What is the exponential growth equation? - ✔✔Nt = N₀(1 + r)ᵗ
Nt ~ population size at time t
N₀ ~ Population size at time 0
r ~ population growth rate
t ~ time
✔✔How do you calculate growth rate (r)? - ✔✔r = b - d
b ~ births
d ~ deaths
✔✔What is the exponential growth differential equation? - ✔✔ΔN/Δt=rN
ΔN/Δt ~ how fast the population is changing
r ~ growth rate
N ~ current population size
✔✔What is the continuous growth equation? - ✔✔N(t)=N₀e^rt
✔✔What is a density-dependent limiting factor? Give an example - ✔✔limiting factor
that depends on population size. ex ~ competition for food or space
✔✔What is a density-independent limiting factor? Give an example - ✔✔A factor that
affects populations regardless of their size or density. ex ~ a drought
✔✔What is the logistic growth equation? - ✔✔ΔN/Δt=rN[(K−N)/K]
K ~ carrying capacity
✔✔What is ecological succession? - ✔✔process by which a biological
system/community changes & evolves over time following a disturbance (for example,
how an ecosystem recovers after a fire)
✔✔What are trophic cascades? - ✔✔when a trophic level of a food web experiences a
big change (e.g. half its population gets wiped out), the rest of the food web gets
affected.
✔✔What is Batesian mimicry? - ✔✔harmless creature mimics harmful creature for
protection
, ✔✔What is Mullerian mimicry? - ✔✔two or more toxic species evolve to look similar, so
predators learn faster to avoid that shared warning signal.
✔✔What are the trophic levels on a food web? - ✔✔Producers, primary consumers,
secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, decomposers, keystone species
✔✔What are the three types of consumers? - ✔✔Primary consumers: eat producers
Secondary consumers: eat primary consumers
Tertiary consumers: eat secondary consumers
✔✔What do decomposers do? - ✔✔they decompose dead things for food
✔✔What are keystone species? - ✔✔species that have a disproportionately large effect
on its natural environment relative to its abundance. It is typically an apex predator
✔✔What is top-down regulation - ✔✔predators help regulate the food web by keeping
prey populations in check
✔✔What is bottom-up regulation? - ✔✔amount of food available helps regulate the food
web
✔✔What are the 5 big threats for an environment? - ✔✔Habitat loss
Invasive species
Over exploitation
Disease
Climate change
✔✔What is protecting biodiversity? - ✔✔maintaining a diverse variety of species in a
given environment
✔✔What is species recovery? - ✔✔Plans to help prevent extinction of species
✔✔What is reducing isolation? - ✔✔preventing isolation of species (this helps protect
biodiversity too)
✔✔What is sustainable development? - ✔✔using renewable and sustainable resources,
like solar power energy
✔✔What is bioremediation? - ✔✔branch of biotechnology that employs the use of living
organisms (such as bacteria) to decontaminate affected areas
✔✔What are we worried about in relation to global warming? - ✔✔With our CO2 levels
and global warming, we're worried less so about the actual temperature but the RATE at
which our CO2 levels are increasing! (it's increasing concerningly fast)
ANSWERS GUARANTEE A+
✔✔Intraspecific vs interspecific - ✔✔tra = it involves the relationship between
individuals of the SAME species
ter = it involves DIFFERENT species
✔✔What is the exponential growth equation? - ✔✔Nt = N₀(1 + r)ᵗ
Nt ~ population size at time t
N₀ ~ Population size at time 0
r ~ population growth rate
t ~ time
✔✔How do you calculate growth rate (r)? - ✔✔r = b - d
b ~ births
d ~ deaths
✔✔What is the exponential growth differential equation? - ✔✔ΔN/Δt=rN
ΔN/Δt ~ how fast the population is changing
r ~ growth rate
N ~ current population size
✔✔What is the continuous growth equation? - ✔✔N(t)=N₀e^rt
✔✔What is a density-dependent limiting factor? Give an example - ✔✔limiting factor
that depends on population size. ex ~ competition for food or space
✔✔What is a density-independent limiting factor? Give an example - ✔✔A factor that
affects populations regardless of their size or density. ex ~ a drought
✔✔What is the logistic growth equation? - ✔✔ΔN/Δt=rN[(K−N)/K]
K ~ carrying capacity
✔✔What is ecological succession? - ✔✔process by which a biological
system/community changes & evolves over time following a disturbance (for example,
how an ecosystem recovers after a fire)
✔✔What are trophic cascades? - ✔✔when a trophic level of a food web experiences a
big change (e.g. half its population gets wiped out), the rest of the food web gets
affected.
✔✔What is Batesian mimicry? - ✔✔harmless creature mimics harmful creature for
protection
, ✔✔What is Mullerian mimicry? - ✔✔two or more toxic species evolve to look similar, so
predators learn faster to avoid that shared warning signal.
✔✔What are the trophic levels on a food web? - ✔✔Producers, primary consumers,
secondary consumers, tertiary consumers, decomposers, keystone species
✔✔What are the three types of consumers? - ✔✔Primary consumers: eat producers
Secondary consumers: eat primary consumers
Tertiary consumers: eat secondary consumers
✔✔What do decomposers do? - ✔✔they decompose dead things for food
✔✔What are keystone species? - ✔✔species that have a disproportionately large effect
on its natural environment relative to its abundance. It is typically an apex predator
✔✔What is top-down regulation - ✔✔predators help regulate the food web by keeping
prey populations in check
✔✔What is bottom-up regulation? - ✔✔amount of food available helps regulate the food
web
✔✔What are the 5 big threats for an environment? - ✔✔Habitat loss
Invasive species
Over exploitation
Disease
Climate change
✔✔What is protecting biodiversity? - ✔✔maintaining a diverse variety of species in a
given environment
✔✔What is species recovery? - ✔✔Plans to help prevent extinction of species
✔✔What is reducing isolation? - ✔✔preventing isolation of species (this helps protect
biodiversity too)
✔✔What is sustainable development? - ✔✔using renewable and sustainable resources,
like solar power energy
✔✔What is bioremediation? - ✔✔branch of biotechnology that employs the use of living
organisms (such as bacteria) to decontaminate affected areas
✔✔What are we worried about in relation to global warming? - ✔✔With our CO2 levels
and global warming, we're worried less so about the actual temperature but the RATE at
which our CO2 levels are increasing! (it's increasing concerningly fast)
