UTA PATHO CORE EXAM TEST QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Liquefactive necrosis - ✔✔Ischemic injury to neurons and glial cells in the brain
✔✔Caseous necrosis - ✔✔Associated with TB
✔✔After heart muscle injury the damage is - ✔✔Repaired by newly matured
cardiomyocytes
✔✔Ovulation is an example of - ✔✔Hormonal hyperplasia
✔✔Pathological hyperplasia - ✔✔Abnormal proliferation of cells in response to
hormonal stimulation
✔✔Compensatory hyperplasia results from - ✔✔Removal of part of the liver
✔✔Single most common cause of cellular injury - ✔✔Hypoxic injury
✔✔Maybe and water move into the cell during hypoxia because - ✔✔Pump that
transports sodium out of the cell cannot function due to decreased ATP levels
✔✔Non dividing cells are found in - ✔✔GI lining
✔✔fetal alcohol syndrome - ✔✔Can lead to growth restriction, cognitive impairment,
facial abnormalities, and ocular disturbances
✔✔Organs affected by severe ischemia or chemical injury - ✔✔Kidneys, heart, and
adrenal glands
✔✔Examples of adaptive cellular response - ✔✔Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia,
metaplasia
✔✔Acidosis - ✔✔Body compensates for increase in serum hydrogen ions by shifting
hydrogen ions into the cell in exchange for potassium
✔✔Hyperkalemia causes - ✔✔Renal failure and Addison disease
✔✔hypopolarization - ✔✔Occurs to cell resting membrane potential in hyperkalemia
✔✔Calcium and phosphate balance in influences by which three substances -
✔✔Parathyroid, calcitonin, and vit D
✔✔Chvostek and trousseau indicates - ✔✔Hypocalcemia
, ✔✔Excessive use of mg containing antacids and aluminum containing antacid can
result in - ✔✔Hypophosphatemia
✔✔Peaked T waves - ✔✔Hyperkalemia
✔✔Hypokalemia S/S - ✔✔Sinus bradycardia, av block, paroxysmal atrial tachycardia,
and paralytic ileus
✔✔Potassium imbalance can cause - ✔✔Muscle weakness or paralysis, dysrhythmias,
smooth muscle atony
✔✔Phosphate - ✔✔Intracellular and extra cellular anion buffer in regulation of acid base
balance, provides energy for muscle contraction in the form of ATP
✔✔Osmolality - ✔✔Measure of solute concentration in a solution, concentration of
plasma, tonicity
✔✔Plasma osmolality normal range - ✔✔280-295 mOM/kg
✔✔osmotic pressure - ✔✔Amount of pressure or force that is exerted by solute
molecules of a given compartment; this increases as osmolality increases; pulls water
into compartments; must be overcome by hydrostatic pressure to oppose osmosis
✔✔Osmosis - ✔✔Movement of water between compartments from and area of low
concentration to an area of high
Concentration
✔✔Hydrostatic pressure - ✔✔Mechanical force of fluid against the walls of the
compartment ex: blood pressure
✔✔Hydrostatic pressure vs oncotic pressure - ✔✔-hydrostatic pressure is high at the
artery end where filtration happens--> more force to move quickly, fenestrations allow
for fluid to go in and out based on pressure
-when oncotic pressure is high at the absorption end of the capillary on the venous end-
-> less fluid and more particles in the capillary so water from the outside comes in and
brings in the waste products
✔✔Hypertonic IV solutions - ✔✔Have osmolality higher than ECF; indicated for
intravascular dehydration with interstitial or cellular overhydration; used with extreme
caution; high concentrations of dextrose are given; used only when serum osmolality is
dangerously low; 5% dextrose in LR, 5% dextrose in 0.45% NS, 5% dextrose in 0.9%
NS; dehydration resulting from surgery because blood loss causes intravascular
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔Liquefactive necrosis - ✔✔Ischemic injury to neurons and glial cells in the brain
✔✔Caseous necrosis - ✔✔Associated with TB
✔✔After heart muscle injury the damage is - ✔✔Repaired by newly matured
cardiomyocytes
✔✔Ovulation is an example of - ✔✔Hormonal hyperplasia
✔✔Pathological hyperplasia - ✔✔Abnormal proliferation of cells in response to
hormonal stimulation
✔✔Compensatory hyperplasia results from - ✔✔Removal of part of the liver
✔✔Single most common cause of cellular injury - ✔✔Hypoxic injury
✔✔Maybe and water move into the cell during hypoxia because - ✔✔Pump that
transports sodium out of the cell cannot function due to decreased ATP levels
✔✔Non dividing cells are found in - ✔✔GI lining
✔✔fetal alcohol syndrome - ✔✔Can lead to growth restriction, cognitive impairment,
facial abnormalities, and ocular disturbances
✔✔Organs affected by severe ischemia or chemical injury - ✔✔Kidneys, heart, and
adrenal glands
✔✔Examples of adaptive cellular response - ✔✔Atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia,
metaplasia
✔✔Acidosis - ✔✔Body compensates for increase in serum hydrogen ions by shifting
hydrogen ions into the cell in exchange for potassium
✔✔Hyperkalemia causes - ✔✔Renal failure and Addison disease
✔✔hypopolarization - ✔✔Occurs to cell resting membrane potential in hyperkalemia
✔✔Calcium and phosphate balance in influences by which three substances -
✔✔Parathyroid, calcitonin, and vit D
✔✔Chvostek and trousseau indicates - ✔✔Hypocalcemia
, ✔✔Excessive use of mg containing antacids and aluminum containing antacid can
result in - ✔✔Hypophosphatemia
✔✔Peaked T waves - ✔✔Hyperkalemia
✔✔Hypokalemia S/S - ✔✔Sinus bradycardia, av block, paroxysmal atrial tachycardia,
and paralytic ileus
✔✔Potassium imbalance can cause - ✔✔Muscle weakness or paralysis, dysrhythmias,
smooth muscle atony
✔✔Phosphate - ✔✔Intracellular and extra cellular anion buffer in regulation of acid base
balance, provides energy for muscle contraction in the form of ATP
✔✔Osmolality - ✔✔Measure of solute concentration in a solution, concentration of
plasma, tonicity
✔✔Plasma osmolality normal range - ✔✔280-295 mOM/kg
✔✔osmotic pressure - ✔✔Amount of pressure or force that is exerted by solute
molecules of a given compartment; this increases as osmolality increases; pulls water
into compartments; must be overcome by hydrostatic pressure to oppose osmosis
✔✔Osmosis - ✔✔Movement of water between compartments from and area of low
concentration to an area of high
Concentration
✔✔Hydrostatic pressure - ✔✔Mechanical force of fluid against the walls of the
compartment ex: blood pressure
✔✔Hydrostatic pressure vs oncotic pressure - ✔✔-hydrostatic pressure is high at the
artery end where filtration happens--> more force to move quickly, fenestrations allow
for fluid to go in and out based on pressure
-when oncotic pressure is high at the absorption end of the capillary on the venous end-
-> less fluid and more particles in the capillary so water from the outside comes in and
brings in the waste products
✔✔Hypertonic IV solutions - ✔✔Have osmolality higher than ECF; indicated for
intravascular dehydration with interstitial or cellular overhydration; used with extreme
caution; high concentrations of dextrose are given; used only when serum osmolality is
dangerously low; 5% dextrose in LR, 5% dextrose in 0.45% NS, 5% dextrose in 0.9%
NS; dehydration resulting from surgery because blood loss causes intravascular
