UTA PATHO EXAMINATION SET QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔metabolic acidosis - ✔✔results from reduction of serum bicarbonate concentration
and a low arterial pH;caused by increased acid production, loss of bicarb, or diminished
renal excretion of H+; treatment is based on identifying the cause using the anion gap. a
high anion gap means that the acidosis is most likely caused by lactic acidosis,
ketoacidosis, or acute or chronic renal failure. a normal anion ap means the acidosis
might be caused by diarrhea, lrg vol of saline admin, or medications
✔✔metabolic alkalosis - ✔✔excess of HCO3 or deficiency in H+; pH>7.4 and
bicarb>28; most commonly caused by gastric stomach losses and diuretics
✔✔vomiting - ✔✔loss of hydrochloric acid; H= ions are lost and the pH of the sm. int.
does not change so the pancreas does not release HCO3 so it accumulates causing
alkalosis
✔✔respiratory acidosis - ✔✔excess arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2), decrease in
alveolar vent in relation to the metabolic prod of carbon dioxide. lungs are not blowing
off CO2; effects on the body include increased Ca, increased K, vasodilation, tremors,
disorientation, restlessness, muscle twitching, and seizures. pH <7.4 and Pco2>45. Can
be caused by medullary resp center dep from medications, impaired resp muscles,
airway obs, impaired gas exchange
✔✔respiratory alkalosis - ✔✔deficiency of PaCo2. increase in alveolar hyperventilation.
lungs are blowing off too much CO2. pH.7.4 and Pco2 <35. alkalosis is irritating to
central and peripheral nervous system. S/Sx dizziness, confusion, paresthesias,
seizures, and coma. can be caused by hypoxemia, PE, CHF, high alt, fever, gm neg
sepsis, severe anemia, psychogenic hypervent, hepatic failure, salicylate overdose,
medications
✔✔Genotype - ✔✔persons genetic composition
✔✔Phenotype - ✔✔the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from
the interaction of its genotype with the environment.
✔✔congenital disorder - ✔✔abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth
✔✔genetic disorder - ✔✔an inherited disease or disorder that is caused by a mutation
in a gene or by a chromosomal defect
✔✔Punnett Square - ✔✔diagram showing the gene combinations that might result from
a genetic cross
, ✔✔Carrier - ✔✔A person whose genotype includes a gene that is not expressed in the
phenotype.
✔✔nucleosides - ✔✔precursor to the formation of nucleotides; consist of a nitrogen
base and a sugar; transformed into nucleotide with the addition of a phosphate group
✔✔nucleotide - ✔✔precursor to the formation of DNA and RNA; participate in metabolic
pathways such as protein synthesis, energy metabolism, signal transduction, and
regulation of enzyme activity
✔✔Adenine - ✔✔The base that pairs with Thymine in DNA
✔✔Guanine - ✔✔The base that pairs with Cytosine in DNA
✔✔Codon - ✔✔a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic
code in a DNA or RNA molecule.
✔✔DNA - ✔✔synthesis occurs in the S phase of cell reproduction ; unwinds, breaks,
builds a new nucleotide chain and mends back together; the building process requires a
polymerase to work and to proof read the work; alteration is sequence causes a
mutation; provides the code for all body proteins
✔✔RNA - ✔✔contains uracil; formed from DNA through transcription; serves as the
bridge b/w DNA and protein synthesis; work horse for the code contained on DNA;
controls how the info on DNA is used;
✔✔Messenger RNA - ✔✔RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the
assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell
✔✔Ribosomal RNA - ✔✔type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes
✔✔Transfer RNA - ✔✔binds to messenger RNA and an amino acid which assists in the
formation of a protein
✔✔Translation - ✔✔(genetics) the process whereby genetic information coded in
messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the
cytoplasm
✔✔gametes - ✔✔a mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with
another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote; normally has 23
chromosomes but the daughter cell has 46; reproduces by meiosis; mutations can be
transmitted to daughter cell
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔metabolic acidosis - ✔✔results from reduction of serum bicarbonate concentration
and a low arterial pH;caused by increased acid production, loss of bicarb, or diminished
renal excretion of H+; treatment is based on identifying the cause using the anion gap. a
high anion gap means that the acidosis is most likely caused by lactic acidosis,
ketoacidosis, or acute or chronic renal failure. a normal anion ap means the acidosis
might be caused by diarrhea, lrg vol of saline admin, or medications
✔✔metabolic alkalosis - ✔✔excess of HCO3 or deficiency in H+; pH>7.4 and
bicarb>28; most commonly caused by gastric stomach losses and diuretics
✔✔vomiting - ✔✔loss of hydrochloric acid; H= ions are lost and the pH of the sm. int.
does not change so the pancreas does not release HCO3 so it accumulates causing
alkalosis
✔✔respiratory acidosis - ✔✔excess arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2), decrease in
alveolar vent in relation to the metabolic prod of carbon dioxide. lungs are not blowing
off CO2; effects on the body include increased Ca, increased K, vasodilation, tremors,
disorientation, restlessness, muscle twitching, and seizures. pH <7.4 and Pco2>45. Can
be caused by medullary resp center dep from medications, impaired resp muscles,
airway obs, impaired gas exchange
✔✔respiratory alkalosis - ✔✔deficiency of PaCo2. increase in alveolar hyperventilation.
lungs are blowing off too much CO2. pH.7.4 and Pco2 <35. alkalosis is irritating to
central and peripheral nervous system. S/Sx dizziness, confusion, paresthesias,
seizures, and coma. can be caused by hypoxemia, PE, CHF, high alt, fever, gm neg
sepsis, severe anemia, psychogenic hypervent, hepatic failure, salicylate overdose,
medications
✔✔Genotype - ✔✔persons genetic composition
✔✔Phenotype - ✔✔the set of observable characteristics of an individual resulting from
the interaction of its genotype with the environment.
✔✔congenital disorder - ✔✔abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth
✔✔genetic disorder - ✔✔an inherited disease or disorder that is caused by a mutation
in a gene or by a chromosomal defect
✔✔Punnett Square - ✔✔diagram showing the gene combinations that might result from
a genetic cross
, ✔✔Carrier - ✔✔A person whose genotype includes a gene that is not expressed in the
phenotype.
✔✔nucleosides - ✔✔precursor to the formation of nucleotides; consist of a nitrogen
base and a sugar; transformed into nucleotide with the addition of a phosphate group
✔✔nucleotide - ✔✔precursor to the formation of DNA and RNA; participate in metabolic
pathways such as protein synthesis, energy metabolism, signal transduction, and
regulation of enzyme activity
✔✔Adenine - ✔✔The base that pairs with Thymine in DNA
✔✔Guanine - ✔✔The base that pairs with Cytosine in DNA
✔✔Codon - ✔✔a sequence of three nucleotides that together form a unit of genetic
code in a DNA or RNA molecule.
✔✔DNA - ✔✔synthesis occurs in the S phase of cell reproduction ; unwinds, breaks,
builds a new nucleotide chain and mends back together; the building process requires a
polymerase to work and to proof read the work; alteration is sequence causes a
mutation; provides the code for all body proteins
✔✔RNA - ✔✔contains uracil; formed from DNA through transcription; serves as the
bridge b/w DNA and protein synthesis; work horse for the code contained on DNA;
controls how the info on DNA is used;
✔✔Messenger RNA - ✔✔RNA molecule that carries copies of instructions for the
assembly of amino acids into proteins from DNA to the rest of the cell
✔✔Ribosomal RNA - ✔✔type of RNA that combines with proteins to form ribosomes
✔✔Transfer RNA - ✔✔binds to messenger RNA and an amino acid which assists in the
formation of a protein
✔✔Translation - ✔✔(genetics) the process whereby genetic information coded in
messenger RNA directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the
cytoplasm
✔✔gametes - ✔✔a mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with
another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote; normally has 23
chromosomes but the daughter cell has 46; reproduces by meiosis; mutations can be
transmitted to daughter cell
