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Sharp ESO Questions and Answers
Latest 2026
End Tidal CO2 Ans: the maximum CO2 concentration at
the end of each tidal breath, which can be used to assess
disease severity and response to treatment. Reflects
cardiac output during CPR. Can be used to measure the
effectiveness of cardiac compressions and assessment of
return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) after cardiac
event
ROSC Ans: Return of spontaneous circulation is
established with the presence of palpable pulse, blood
pressure, abrupt sustained increase in end tidal CO2
(typically > 40mmHg) after cardiac arrest
therapeutic hypothermia Ans: Core temperature 32-36 C
(89.6-96.8 F)
joules for defibrillation Ans: Defibrillation Joules: 200
joules
joules for cardioversion Ans: Cardioversion joules: 200
joules
Physicians may order 75-120-150-200 for conditions not
covered in ESO policy
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For the patient not following commands after 120
minutes of ROSC Ans: Consider initiation of therapeutic
hypothermia
Treatment of pulseless arrests Ans: Provide 2 minutes of
CPR-avoiding interruptions in compressions
Asystole treatment Ans: i. CPR (2 min.)
ii. O2 at 15 L/min. ambu bag
iii. Epinephrine 1 mg IVP/IO (use epinephrine 0.1 mg/ml),
repeat q 3-5 minutes
iv. Repeat CPR and Epinephrine administration if no signs
of ROSC
Unstable Bradycardia Ans: i. O2 at minimum 10 L/min.
NRBM
ii. If transvenous leads or epicardial pacing wires present,
connect to a pulse generator and initiate pacing per
protocol.
If no response, perform the following:
iii. Atropine 1 mg IVP/IO, repeat q 3-5 minutes max 3 mg
iv. Transcutaneous pacing as soon as possible
If above algorithm is ineffective:
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v. Start dopamine 400 mg/250 ml D5W infusion at 5
mcg/kg/minute. Titrate to patient response up to
20mcg/kg/minute
If above algorithm is ineffective, start epinephrine 2 mg/
250 ml NS @ 2 mcg/min., titrate to patient response up
to 10 mcg/minute
Pulseless Electrical Activity Ans: i. CPR 2 minutes and
assess for possible causes
The H's:
-Hypovolemia
-Hypoxia
-Hydrogen ion (acidosis)
-Hypokalemia
-Hyperkalemia
-Hypoglycemia
-Hypothermia
The T's:
-Toxins
-Cardiac Tamponade
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-Thrombosis
-Trauma
-Tension pneumothorax
ii. O2 at 15 L/min ambu bag
iii. Epinephrine 1 mg IVP/IO (use epinephrine 0.1
mg/mL), repeat q 3-5 minutes
iv. Repeat CPR and Epinephrine administration if no signs
of ROSC
v. If hypovolemia known or suspected, infuse 250 mL NS
may be substituted with LF if currently infusing). Repeat
in 5 minutes if no clinical improvement.
vi. Stat CXR
Ventricular Tachycardia (Wide Complex): Stable Ans: i.
Call the physician for orders
ii. O2 at minimum 4 L/min. NC and adjust per patient
status
iii. Obtain 12 lead EKG
iv. Draw serum K and Mg
Ventricular Tachycardia (Wide Complex): Unstable Ans: i.
O2 at minimum 10 L/min. NRBM
© 2025 All rights reserved
Sharp ESO Questions and Answers
Latest 2026
End Tidal CO2 Ans: the maximum CO2 concentration at
the end of each tidal breath, which can be used to assess
disease severity and response to treatment. Reflects
cardiac output during CPR. Can be used to measure the
effectiveness of cardiac compressions and assessment of
return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) after cardiac
event
ROSC Ans: Return of spontaneous circulation is
established with the presence of palpable pulse, blood
pressure, abrupt sustained increase in end tidal CO2
(typically > 40mmHg) after cardiac arrest
therapeutic hypothermia Ans: Core temperature 32-36 C
(89.6-96.8 F)
joules for defibrillation Ans: Defibrillation Joules: 200
joules
joules for cardioversion Ans: Cardioversion joules: 200
joules
Physicians may order 75-120-150-200 for conditions not
covered in ESO policy
© 2025 All rights reserved
, 2 | Page
For the patient not following commands after 120
minutes of ROSC Ans: Consider initiation of therapeutic
hypothermia
Treatment of pulseless arrests Ans: Provide 2 minutes of
CPR-avoiding interruptions in compressions
Asystole treatment Ans: i. CPR (2 min.)
ii. O2 at 15 L/min. ambu bag
iii. Epinephrine 1 mg IVP/IO (use epinephrine 0.1 mg/ml),
repeat q 3-5 minutes
iv. Repeat CPR and Epinephrine administration if no signs
of ROSC
Unstable Bradycardia Ans: i. O2 at minimum 10 L/min.
NRBM
ii. If transvenous leads or epicardial pacing wires present,
connect to a pulse generator and initiate pacing per
protocol.
If no response, perform the following:
iii. Atropine 1 mg IVP/IO, repeat q 3-5 minutes max 3 mg
iv. Transcutaneous pacing as soon as possible
If above algorithm is ineffective:
© 2025 All rights reserved
, 3 | Page
v. Start dopamine 400 mg/250 ml D5W infusion at 5
mcg/kg/minute. Titrate to patient response up to
20mcg/kg/minute
If above algorithm is ineffective, start epinephrine 2 mg/
250 ml NS @ 2 mcg/min., titrate to patient response up
to 10 mcg/minute
Pulseless Electrical Activity Ans: i. CPR 2 minutes and
assess for possible causes
The H's:
-Hypovolemia
-Hypoxia
-Hydrogen ion (acidosis)
-Hypokalemia
-Hyperkalemia
-Hypoglycemia
-Hypothermia
The T's:
-Toxins
-Cardiac Tamponade
© 2025 All rights reserved
, 4 | Page
-Thrombosis
-Trauma
-Tension pneumothorax
ii. O2 at 15 L/min ambu bag
iii. Epinephrine 1 mg IVP/IO (use epinephrine 0.1
mg/mL), repeat q 3-5 minutes
iv. Repeat CPR and Epinephrine administration if no signs
of ROSC
v. If hypovolemia known or suspected, infuse 250 mL NS
may be substituted with LF if currently infusing). Repeat
in 5 minutes if no clinical improvement.
vi. Stat CXR
Ventricular Tachycardia (Wide Complex): Stable Ans: i.
Call the physician for orders
ii. O2 at minimum 4 L/min. NC and adjust per patient
status
iii. Obtain 12 lead EKG
iv. Draw serum K and Mg
Ventricular Tachycardia (Wide Complex): Unstable Ans: i.
O2 at minimum 10 L/min. NRBM
© 2025 All rights reserved
