ASCP HEMATOLOGY 2026 STUDY GUIDE QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔What Type of Hemoglobin?
2α , 2 δ chains
(two alpha and two delta chains) - ✔✔Hemoglobin A2
Adults: 1.5%-3.7%
Newborn: <1%
✔✔What Type of Hemoglobin?
2α , 2 γ chains - ✔✔Hemoglobin F
Adults: <2%
Newborn: 50-85%
✔✔Hemoglobin S: ----- substituted for---- acid in --- position of β chain - ✔✔Hemoglobin
S: Valine substituted for glutamic acid in 6th position of β chain
✔✔Hemoglobin C: ---- substituted for glutamic acid in ----position of β chain -
✔✔Hemoglobin C: Lysine substituted for glutamic acid in 6th position of β chain
✔✔Hemoglobin Electrophoresis:
Cellulose Acetate pH =
Cathode Charge=
Anode Charge= - ✔✔Hemoglobin Electrophoresis:
Cellulose Acetate pH=6.8
Cathode Charge= (-)
Anode Charge=(+)
✔✔Hemoglobin Electrophoresis:
Citrate Acetate pH =
Cathode Charge=
Anode Charge= - ✔✔Hemoglobin Electrophoresis:
Citrate Acetate pH = 6.2
,Cathode Charge= (-)
Anode Charge=(+)
✔✔Hemoglobin Electrophoresis:
Migration on Cellulose Acetate:
From Cathode to Anode - ✔✔Hemoglobin Electrophoresis:
-Origin at Cathode(-) "think steps to walking"
-Crawl: Hemoglobin C/A2 (on top)
-Slow: Hemoglobin S
-Fast: Hemoglobin F
-Accelerate: Hemoglobin A
✔✔Hemoglobin Electrophoresis:
Migration on Citrate Acetate:
From Cathode to Anode - ✔✔Hemoglobin Electrophoresis:
-Origin in middle "think steps to walking" from anode and switch at Cathode
Anode
-Crawl: Hemoglobin C
-Slow: Hemoglobin S
-Fast: Hemoglobin A2/A on top
-Accelerate: Hemoglobin F
✔✔Hemoglobin Derivatives
Iron oxidized to ferric (Fe3+) state, not ferrous state (Fe2+)
Usually acquired from exposures to Oxidants
Rarely inhibited - ✔✔Hemoglobin Derivatives: Methemoglobin
Heinz bodies. Treat with methylene blue
Can't bind O2. Cyanosis, possibly death
✔✔Hemoglobin Derivatives
Sulfur bound to heme. Acquired from exposure to drugs and chemicals -
✔✔Hemoglobin Derivatives: Sulfhemoglobin
02 affinity is 1/100th normal
Cyanosis
-Can't be converted back to normal hemoglobin
, -Not detected in cyanmethemoglobin method
✔✔Hemoglobin Derivatives:
Carbon monoxide bound to heme - ✔✔Hemoglobin Derivatives: Carboxyhemoglobin
-Decrease O2 to tissues. Can be fatal
Affinity of hgb for CO is 200× greater than for O2.
Skin turns cherry red.
✔✔Hemoglobin derivatives are quantitated by differential ---------. - ✔✔Hemoglobin
derivatives are quantitated by differential spectrophotometry.
✔✔variation in size of RBCs - ✔✔Anisocytosis
✔✔What type of RBC morphology seen in many anemias - ✔✔Anisocytosis is seen in
many anemias
✔✔What type of RBC morphology seen in RBCCs >9 µm and megaloblastic anemias,
liver disease, reticulocytosis
Normal in newborns. - ✔✔Macrocytosis
✔✔What type of RBC morphology seen in RBCCs <9 µm and Iron deficiency anemia,
thalassemia, anemia of chronic infections - ✔✔Microcytes
✔✔RBC Morphology:
Bull's-eye, "Mexican hat cell" - ✔✔Codocytes
✔✔RBC Morphology:
RBC with slit-like central pallor - ✔✔Stomatocytes
✔✔RBC Morphology:
Small, dark-staining RBCs without central pallor - ✔✔Spherocytes
✔✔RBC inclusions - basophilic stippling
Made up of what? - ✔✔Aggregates of RNA (ribosomes)
-Course: exposure to lead.
Fine: young RBC
ANSWERS GRADED A+
✔✔What Type of Hemoglobin?
2α , 2 δ chains
(two alpha and two delta chains) - ✔✔Hemoglobin A2
Adults: 1.5%-3.7%
Newborn: <1%
✔✔What Type of Hemoglobin?
2α , 2 γ chains - ✔✔Hemoglobin F
Adults: <2%
Newborn: 50-85%
✔✔Hemoglobin S: ----- substituted for---- acid in --- position of β chain - ✔✔Hemoglobin
S: Valine substituted for glutamic acid in 6th position of β chain
✔✔Hemoglobin C: ---- substituted for glutamic acid in ----position of β chain -
✔✔Hemoglobin C: Lysine substituted for glutamic acid in 6th position of β chain
✔✔Hemoglobin Electrophoresis:
Cellulose Acetate pH =
Cathode Charge=
Anode Charge= - ✔✔Hemoglobin Electrophoresis:
Cellulose Acetate pH=6.8
Cathode Charge= (-)
Anode Charge=(+)
✔✔Hemoglobin Electrophoresis:
Citrate Acetate pH =
Cathode Charge=
Anode Charge= - ✔✔Hemoglobin Electrophoresis:
Citrate Acetate pH = 6.2
,Cathode Charge= (-)
Anode Charge=(+)
✔✔Hemoglobin Electrophoresis:
Migration on Cellulose Acetate:
From Cathode to Anode - ✔✔Hemoglobin Electrophoresis:
-Origin at Cathode(-) "think steps to walking"
-Crawl: Hemoglobin C/A2 (on top)
-Slow: Hemoglobin S
-Fast: Hemoglobin F
-Accelerate: Hemoglobin A
✔✔Hemoglobin Electrophoresis:
Migration on Citrate Acetate:
From Cathode to Anode - ✔✔Hemoglobin Electrophoresis:
-Origin in middle "think steps to walking" from anode and switch at Cathode
Anode
-Crawl: Hemoglobin C
-Slow: Hemoglobin S
-Fast: Hemoglobin A2/A on top
-Accelerate: Hemoglobin F
✔✔Hemoglobin Derivatives
Iron oxidized to ferric (Fe3+) state, not ferrous state (Fe2+)
Usually acquired from exposures to Oxidants
Rarely inhibited - ✔✔Hemoglobin Derivatives: Methemoglobin
Heinz bodies. Treat with methylene blue
Can't bind O2. Cyanosis, possibly death
✔✔Hemoglobin Derivatives
Sulfur bound to heme. Acquired from exposure to drugs and chemicals -
✔✔Hemoglobin Derivatives: Sulfhemoglobin
02 affinity is 1/100th normal
Cyanosis
-Can't be converted back to normal hemoglobin
, -Not detected in cyanmethemoglobin method
✔✔Hemoglobin Derivatives:
Carbon monoxide bound to heme - ✔✔Hemoglobin Derivatives: Carboxyhemoglobin
-Decrease O2 to tissues. Can be fatal
Affinity of hgb for CO is 200× greater than for O2.
Skin turns cherry red.
✔✔Hemoglobin derivatives are quantitated by differential ---------. - ✔✔Hemoglobin
derivatives are quantitated by differential spectrophotometry.
✔✔variation in size of RBCs - ✔✔Anisocytosis
✔✔What type of RBC morphology seen in many anemias - ✔✔Anisocytosis is seen in
many anemias
✔✔What type of RBC morphology seen in RBCCs >9 µm and megaloblastic anemias,
liver disease, reticulocytosis
Normal in newborns. - ✔✔Macrocytosis
✔✔What type of RBC morphology seen in RBCCs <9 µm and Iron deficiency anemia,
thalassemia, anemia of chronic infections - ✔✔Microcytes
✔✔RBC Morphology:
Bull's-eye, "Mexican hat cell" - ✔✔Codocytes
✔✔RBC Morphology:
RBC with slit-like central pallor - ✔✔Stomatocytes
✔✔RBC Morphology:
Small, dark-staining RBCs without central pallor - ✔✔Spherocytes
✔✔RBC inclusions - basophilic stippling
Made up of what? - ✔✔Aggregates of RNA (ribosomes)
-Course: exposure to lead.
Fine: young RBC
