BS 161 EXAM 2 MSU 2025/2026
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% PASS.
Common Characteristics of Cells - ANS -plasma membrane
-cytosol
-Chromosomes
-Ribosomes
-endoplasmic reticulum
-nucleus
-golgi apparatus
-mitochondria
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics - ANS -genetic material enclosed in nucleus,
-many membrane bound compartments
- larger
-can be unicellular or multicellular
-DNA is found in nucleus, bounded by double membrane
Prokaryotic Cell Characteristics - ANS -no nucleus
-small
-unicellular
-spectacularly diverse
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,-DNA is found in a region not surrounded by nucleus, nucleoid
Cytoplasm - ANS The material within the cell, excluding the nucleus. The semi-fluid matrix
that fills the interior of every cell and has a high concentration of proteins and other
macromolecules
Cytosol - ANS The fluid portion of the cytoplasm; it contains dissolved organic molecules and
ions
Nucleoid - ANS A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell
What are membranes made out of? - ANS a double layer of phospholipids and other lipids.
embedded in this are diverse proteins.
Nuclear Envelope - ANS A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in the cell
contains pore structures
pore complex-regulates the entry and exit of proteins and RNA's
Nuclear Lamina - ANS a netlike array of protein filaments lining the inner surface of the
nuclear envelope; it helps maintain the shape of the nucleus.
-lines the nuclear side of the envelope.
Nuclear Matrix - ANS A framework of fibers extending throughout the nuclear interior
Chromosomes - ANS threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes.
Chromatin - ANS long strands of DNA found in the eukaryotic cell nucleus; condense to form
chromosomes
How many chromosomes? - ANS humans cell-46
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,sex cell-23
Nucleolus - ANS the organelle where ribosomes are made, synthesized and partially
assembled, located in the nucleus
rRNA - ANS The most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins froms the
structure of ribosomes. Ribosomes coordinate the sequential coupling of tRNA molecules to
mRNA codons; also called ribosomal RNA.
How does nucleus direct protein synthesis? - ANS by synthesizing mRNA from the DNA.
then mRNA is transported to cytoplasm via nuclear pores.
once mRNA reaches cytoplasm, ribosomes translate mRNA genetic message into the primary
structure of a specific polypeptide.
Ribosome - ANS The molecular machine that carries out protein synthesis; the most
complicated aggregation of proteins in a cell, also containing three different rRNA molecules.
Endomembrane System - ANS The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic
cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles;
includes the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and
vacuoles.
carrys out synthesis of proteins, trnsport of proteins into membranes and organelles or out of
the cell, metabolism and movement of lipids, detoxification of poison.
Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANS Internal membrane system that forms a net-like array of
channels and interconnections within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Composed of a
phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins
ER Lumen - ANS the space inside the ER where proteins are folded, modified and prepared
for transport to other locations in the cell or are tagged for export from the cell
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Smooth ER Functions - ANS Lipid metabolism; Detoxification and conjugation; Steroid
synthesis; Glycogen metabolism; Calcium storage (sarcoplsmic reticulum)pumps calcium from
cytosol to ER lumen; Membrane formation; Protein transport between RER and Golgi
Rough ER Functions - ANS membrane factory for the cell, helps synthesize proteins
grows in place by adding membrane proteins and phospholipids
Golgi Apparatus - ANS A collection of flattened stacks of membranes in the cytoplasm of
eukaryotic cells; function in collection, packaging, and distribution of molecules synthesized in
the cell
2 Sides of Golgi - ANS cis and trans
cis is located near ER, transport vesicles move material from the ER to the golgi, a vesicle that
buds with from the ER can add its membrane and the contents of its lumen to the cis face by
fusing with the golgi membrane.
Trans face- gives rise to vesicles that pinch off and travel to other sites.
Lysosome - ANS A membrane-bounded vesicle containing digestive enzymes that is produced
by the Golgi apparatus in eukaryotic cells
-Catyalyze the rapid breakdown of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbs
-Break down old organelle and recycle their component molecules
-Digestive enzymes in the lysosome are optimally active at an acid pH
Where are hydrolytic enzymes and lysome membranes made? - ANS rough ER, then
transfered to golgi.
Phagocytosis - ANS Endocytosis of a solid particle; the plasma membrane folds inward
around the particle and engulfs it to form a vacuole
Food Vacuole - ANS A membranous sac formed by phagocytosis of microorganisms or
particles to be used as food by the cell.
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 100% PASS.
Common Characteristics of Cells - ANS -plasma membrane
-cytosol
-Chromosomes
-Ribosomes
-endoplasmic reticulum
-nucleus
-golgi apparatus
-mitochondria
Eukaryotic Cell Characteristics - ANS -genetic material enclosed in nucleus,
-many membrane bound compartments
- larger
-can be unicellular or multicellular
-DNA is found in nucleus, bounded by double membrane
Prokaryotic Cell Characteristics - ANS -no nucleus
-small
-unicellular
-spectacularly diverse
1 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,-DNA is found in a region not surrounded by nucleus, nucleoid
Cytoplasm - ANS The material within the cell, excluding the nucleus. The semi-fluid matrix
that fills the interior of every cell and has a high concentration of proteins and other
macromolecules
Cytosol - ANS The fluid portion of the cytoplasm; it contains dissolved organic molecules and
ions
Nucleoid - ANS A dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell
What are membranes made out of? - ANS a double layer of phospholipids and other lipids.
embedded in this are diverse proteins.
Nuclear Envelope - ANS A double membrane that surrounds the nucleus in the cell
contains pore structures
pore complex-regulates the entry and exit of proteins and RNA's
Nuclear Lamina - ANS a netlike array of protein filaments lining the inner surface of the
nuclear envelope; it helps maintain the shape of the nucleus.
-lines the nuclear side of the envelope.
Nuclear Matrix - ANS A framework of fibers extending throughout the nuclear interior
Chromosomes - ANS threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes.
Chromatin - ANS long strands of DNA found in the eukaryotic cell nucleus; condense to form
chromosomes
How many chromosomes? - ANS humans cell-46
2 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
,sex cell-23
Nucleolus - ANS the organelle where ribosomes are made, synthesized and partially
assembled, located in the nucleus
rRNA - ANS The most abundant type of RNA, which together with proteins froms the
structure of ribosomes. Ribosomes coordinate the sequential coupling of tRNA molecules to
mRNA codons; also called ribosomal RNA.
How does nucleus direct protein synthesis? - ANS by synthesizing mRNA from the DNA.
then mRNA is transported to cytoplasm via nuclear pores.
once mRNA reaches cytoplasm, ribosomes translate mRNA genetic message into the primary
structure of a specific polypeptide.
Ribosome - ANS The molecular machine that carries out protein synthesis; the most
complicated aggregation of proteins in a cell, also containing three different rRNA molecules.
Endomembrane System - ANS The collection of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic
cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles;
includes the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, and
vacuoles.
carrys out synthesis of proteins, trnsport of proteins into membranes and organelles or out of
the cell, metabolism and movement of lipids, detoxification of poison.
Endoplasmic Reticulum - ANS Internal membrane system that forms a net-like array of
channels and interconnections within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Composed of a
phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins
ER Lumen - ANS the space inside the ER where proteins are folded, modified and prepared
for transport to other locations in the cell or are tagged for export from the cell
3 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
, Smooth ER Functions - ANS Lipid metabolism; Detoxification and conjugation; Steroid
synthesis; Glycogen metabolism; Calcium storage (sarcoplsmic reticulum)pumps calcium from
cytosol to ER lumen; Membrane formation; Protein transport between RER and Golgi
Rough ER Functions - ANS membrane factory for the cell, helps synthesize proteins
grows in place by adding membrane proteins and phospholipids
Golgi Apparatus - ANS A collection of flattened stacks of membranes in the cytoplasm of
eukaryotic cells; function in collection, packaging, and distribution of molecules synthesized in
the cell
2 Sides of Golgi - ANS cis and trans
cis is located near ER, transport vesicles move material from the ER to the golgi, a vesicle that
buds with from the ER can add its membrane and the contents of its lumen to the cis face by
fusing with the golgi membrane.
Trans face- gives rise to vesicles that pinch off and travel to other sites.
Lysosome - ANS A membrane-bounded vesicle containing digestive enzymes that is produced
by the Golgi apparatus in eukaryotic cells
-Catyalyze the rapid breakdown of proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and carbs
-Break down old organelle and recycle their component molecules
-Digestive enzymes in the lysosome are optimally active at an acid pH
Where are hydrolytic enzymes and lysome membranes made? - ANS rough ER, then
transfered to golgi.
Phagocytosis - ANS Endocytosis of a solid particle; the plasma membrane folds inward
around the particle and engulfs it to form a vacuole
Food Vacuole - ANS A membranous sac formed by phagocytosis of microorganisms or
particles to be used as food by the cell.
4 @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED.
