BIOL 252 Exam 1 Success Guide
– Updated Real Exam
Questions, Fully Verified
Answers, and Exam-Ready
Preparation
Central Nervous System - answ✔️💜💜✔️"general" of the body; integration of sensory input and
origin of motor responses
• brain
• spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System - answ✔️💜💜✔️body; sensory input and motor output
,• nerves
• sensory receptors
• motor neurons
sensory receptors - answ✔️💜💜✔️Afferent neurons → Admit signals
differentiated based on location
• somatic
• visceral
somatic sensory receptors - answ✔️💜💜✔️receptors and neurons that are located in the skin,
skeletal muscle, joints
visceral sensory receptors - answ✔️💜💜✔️receptors and neurons that are located in internal organs
motor neurons - answ✔️💜💜✔️Efferent neurons → Exit/Effect signals
- differentiated not based on location, but rather on the target organs
• somatic nervous system
• autonomic nervous system
somatic nervous system - answ✔️💜💜✔️system of neurons that enervate skeletal muscles
autonomic nervous system - answ✔️💜💜✔️system of neurons that enervate smooth and cardiac
muscles; glands
Santiago Ramon y Cajal - answ✔️💜💜✔️discovered the neuron using a modification of Golgi's staining
method that allowed Cajal to see the minutia of neurons and draw their anatomy
,basic structure of a neuron - answ✔️💜💜✔️- soma
- dendrites
- axon hillock
- axon
- myelin
- terminal arbor
- terminal buttons
soma - answ✔️💜💜✔️cell body
- can receive inputs
dendrites - answ✔️💜💜✔️branching from the cell body of the neuron which have the major function
of receiving inputs
*D*endrite → *D*ownload
axon hillock - answ✔️💜💜✔️hump on the soma of a neuron from which the axon of the neuron
extends
axon - answ✔️💜💜✔️long singular stalk extending from the soma of the neuron which creates action
potentials and sends inputs to other neurons
*A*xon → *A*way
myelin - answ✔️💜💜✔️insulation present on some axons of the nervous system (not present on all
axons); whitish fatty segmented sheath around mot long (NOT ALL) axons that increase the speed of
nerve impulse transmission
- cell has concentric layers of membrane that make up the myelin sheath
- ONLY on axons (NOT dendrites, soma, etc.) but not all axons
- made from Oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann cells (PNS)
, - rather than one long piece of insulation, is multiple small pieces of insulation
-- nodes of ranvier
nodes of ranvier - answ✔️💜💜✔️areas of the axon that is not covered in myelin, occurs between cells
of myelin
terminal arbor - answ✔️💜💜✔️fine branching at the end of the axon
terminal buttons - answ✔️💜💜✔️regions at the end of terminal arbor branches that release
neurotransmitters into the synapse
astrocytes - answ✔️💜💜✔️• support and brace neurons
• control the chemical environment
• important physiological roles
--- can secrete/absorb different molecules (i.e., ions)
• most abundant cells in the brain (more than neurons)
Oligodendrocytes - answ✔️💜💜✔️insulators of the thick neurons of the CNS
• one cell creates several units of myelin sheath and can insulate many different axons
ependymal cells - answ✔️💜💜✔️circulate the CSF
satellite cells - answ✔️💜💜✔️glial cells that surround somas of neurons in the ganglia; provide
electrical insulation and regulate chemical environment of neurons
microglia - answ✔️💜💜✔️immune cells of the CNS
Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) - answ✔️💜💜✔️- astrocytes are important in telling the capillaries of the
brain to form tight functions/inducing formation of BBB BUT are not part of the BBB themselves
- tight junctions between endothelial cells of the capillaries in the brain form the BBB
– Updated Real Exam
Questions, Fully Verified
Answers, and Exam-Ready
Preparation
Central Nervous System - answ✔️💜💜✔️"general" of the body; integration of sensory input and
origin of motor responses
• brain
• spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System - answ✔️💜💜✔️body; sensory input and motor output
,• nerves
• sensory receptors
• motor neurons
sensory receptors - answ✔️💜💜✔️Afferent neurons → Admit signals
differentiated based on location
• somatic
• visceral
somatic sensory receptors - answ✔️💜💜✔️receptors and neurons that are located in the skin,
skeletal muscle, joints
visceral sensory receptors - answ✔️💜💜✔️receptors and neurons that are located in internal organs
motor neurons - answ✔️💜💜✔️Efferent neurons → Exit/Effect signals
- differentiated not based on location, but rather on the target organs
• somatic nervous system
• autonomic nervous system
somatic nervous system - answ✔️💜💜✔️system of neurons that enervate skeletal muscles
autonomic nervous system - answ✔️💜💜✔️system of neurons that enervate smooth and cardiac
muscles; glands
Santiago Ramon y Cajal - answ✔️💜💜✔️discovered the neuron using a modification of Golgi's staining
method that allowed Cajal to see the minutia of neurons and draw their anatomy
,basic structure of a neuron - answ✔️💜💜✔️- soma
- dendrites
- axon hillock
- axon
- myelin
- terminal arbor
- terminal buttons
soma - answ✔️💜💜✔️cell body
- can receive inputs
dendrites - answ✔️💜💜✔️branching from the cell body of the neuron which have the major function
of receiving inputs
*D*endrite → *D*ownload
axon hillock - answ✔️💜💜✔️hump on the soma of a neuron from which the axon of the neuron
extends
axon - answ✔️💜💜✔️long singular stalk extending from the soma of the neuron which creates action
potentials and sends inputs to other neurons
*A*xon → *A*way
myelin - answ✔️💜💜✔️insulation present on some axons of the nervous system (not present on all
axons); whitish fatty segmented sheath around mot long (NOT ALL) axons that increase the speed of
nerve impulse transmission
- cell has concentric layers of membrane that make up the myelin sheath
- ONLY on axons (NOT dendrites, soma, etc.) but not all axons
- made from Oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann cells (PNS)
, - rather than one long piece of insulation, is multiple small pieces of insulation
-- nodes of ranvier
nodes of ranvier - answ✔️💜💜✔️areas of the axon that is not covered in myelin, occurs between cells
of myelin
terminal arbor - answ✔️💜💜✔️fine branching at the end of the axon
terminal buttons - answ✔️💜💜✔️regions at the end of terminal arbor branches that release
neurotransmitters into the synapse
astrocytes - answ✔️💜💜✔️• support and brace neurons
• control the chemical environment
• important physiological roles
--- can secrete/absorb different molecules (i.e., ions)
• most abundant cells in the brain (more than neurons)
Oligodendrocytes - answ✔️💜💜✔️insulators of the thick neurons of the CNS
• one cell creates several units of myelin sheath and can insulate many different axons
ependymal cells - answ✔️💜💜✔️circulate the CSF
satellite cells - answ✔️💜💜✔️glial cells that surround somas of neurons in the ganglia; provide
electrical insulation and regulate chemical environment of neurons
microglia - answ✔️💜💜✔️immune cells of the CNS
Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) - answ✔️💜💜✔️- astrocytes are important in telling the capillaries of the
brain to form tight functions/inducing formation of BBB BUT are not part of the BBB themselves
- tight junctions between endothelial cells of the capillaries in the brain form the BBB
