NURS 535 CORE EXAM TEST UPDATED QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Chronic pain - ✔✔Pain lasting at least 3 months and lasting well beyond the
expected healing time
✔✔Migraine headache - ✔✔Etiology: unilateral head pain, throbbing pain, pain worsens
with activity, AND n/v, photophobia, or phono phobia; risk factors: women, ages 25-55;
clinical manifestations: repeated, episodic headache lasting 4 to 72 hours
✔✔Fibromyalgia - ✔✔Etiology & patho: related to central sensitization, strong genetic
connections, alterations in genes affecting serotonin, catecholamines, and dopamine,
HPA-axis alterations; risk factors: women, ages 30-50, often seen in combination with
lupus and IBS; clinical manifestations: diffuse, chronic pain, tenderness in 11 out of 18
pain points both above and below the waist, profound fatigue, anxiety, and depression
✔✔Diabetic neuropathy - ✔✔Etiology & patho: metabolic and vascular factors related to
chronic hyperglycemia with ischemia and demyelination contributing to neural changes,
damage to peripheral nerves; risk factors: 60-70% of persons with diabetes; clinical
manifestations: loss of pain, temperature, and vibration sensations
✔✔Postherpetic neuralgia - ✔✔Etiology & patho: persistent pain that lasts for more than
8 weeks after the onset of skin lesions, approximately 10-15% of patients with herpes
zoster (shingles); risk factors: advanced age and hx of immune compromise; clinical
manifestations: burning pain that follows along a dermatomal pathway and is
accompanied by a blistering rash
✔✔Genotype - ✔✔An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations.
✔✔Phenotype - ✔✔An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
✔✔Dominant - ✔✔The allele whose effects are observable (AA)
✔✔Recessive - ✔✔The allele whose effects are hidden (Aa)
✔✔Heterozygote - ✔✔Organism that inherits two different alleles for a given gene (Aa)
✔✔Autosomal dominant - ✔✔"Autosomal" means the gene in question is located on
one of the numbered, non-sex chromosomes. "Dominant" means that a single copy of
the disease-associated mutation is enough to cause the disease
✔✔Autosomal recessive - ✔✔Two copies of an abnormal gene must be present in order
for the disease or trait to develop
, ✔✔Aneuploidy - ✔✔Cells that do not contain a multiple of 23 chromosomes
✔✔Euploidy - ✔✔Condition in which a cell contains the correct number, and
combinations, of chromosomes.
✔✔Monosomy - ✔✔The presence of only one copy of a given chromosome in a diploid
cell. A common form of aneuploidy
✔✔Triploidy - ✔✔A zygote having three COPIES of each chromosome, rather than the
usual two
✔✔Trisomy - ✔✔An aneuploid cell containing three copies of one chromosome.
Newborns with trisomy of chromosomes 13,18, and 21 (Down syndrome) can survive.
✔✔X-linked recessive - ✔✔A mode of inheritance in which a mutation in a gene on the
X chromosome causes the phenotype to be?expressed in males
✔✔Penetrance - ✔✔Yes or no? Does a disease (or trait) show up? The probability that
an individual will express a given phenotype depending on the genotype
✔✔Expressivity - ✔✔How much? The extent to which a disorder is expressed as a
phenotype
✔✔Karyotype - ✔✔A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and
shape. 22 pairs of chromosomes are autosomes and 23rd pair is sex chromosomes
✔✔Genomic imprinting - ✔✔Process by which one allele is naturally inactivated
(silenced) by epigenetic changes and only one allele is expressed; diseases that result
from imprinting are Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes
✔✔Transcription - ✔✔The organic process by which RNA is synthesized from a DNA
template in the cell nucleus. The result is the formation of messenger RNA (mRNA.
✔✔Translation - ✔✔The process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA
directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm
✔✔DNA Methylation - ✔✔Process by which DNA becomes "bunched up" (removed
positive charge) and cannot be transcribed, i.e. are silenced (M=missing)
✔✔Prader-Willi Syndrome - ✔✔Inherit mutated allele from the FATHER, while the allele
inherited from the mother is naturally silenced. Characterized by hyperphagia and MR
(prader=vader)
SOLUTIONS RATED A+
✔✔Chronic pain - ✔✔Pain lasting at least 3 months and lasting well beyond the
expected healing time
✔✔Migraine headache - ✔✔Etiology: unilateral head pain, throbbing pain, pain worsens
with activity, AND n/v, photophobia, or phono phobia; risk factors: women, ages 25-55;
clinical manifestations: repeated, episodic headache lasting 4 to 72 hours
✔✔Fibromyalgia - ✔✔Etiology & patho: related to central sensitization, strong genetic
connections, alterations in genes affecting serotonin, catecholamines, and dopamine,
HPA-axis alterations; risk factors: women, ages 30-50, often seen in combination with
lupus and IBS; clinical manifestations: diffuse, chronic pain, tenderness in 11 out of 18
pain points both above and below the waist, profound fatigue, anxiety, and depression
✔✔Diabetic neuropathy - ✔✔Etiology & patho: metabolic and vascular factors related to
chronic hyperglycemia with ischemia and demyelination contributing to neural changes,
damage to peripheral nerves; risk factors: 60-70% of persons with diabetes; clinical
manifestations: loss of pain, temperature, and vibration sensations
✔✔Postherpetic neuralgia - ✔✔Etiology & patho: persistent pain that lasts for more than
8 weeks after the onset of skin lesions, approximately 10-15% of patients with herpes
zoster (shingles); risk factors: advanced age and hx of immune compromise; clinical
manifestations: burning pain that follows along a dermatomal pathway and is
accompanied by a blistering rash
✔✔Genotype - ✔✔An organism's genetic makeup, or allele combinations.
✔✔Phenotype - ✔✔An organism's physical appearance, or visible traits.
✔✔Dominant - ✔✔The allele whose effects are observable (AA)
✔✔Recessive - ✔✔The allele whose effects are hidden (Aa)
✔✔Heterozygote - ✔✔Organism that inherits two different alleles for a given gene (Aa)
✔✔Autosomal dominant - ✔✔"Autosomal" means the gene in question is located on
one of the numbered, non-sex chromosomes. "Dominant" means that a single copy of
the disease-associated mutation is enough to cause the disease
✔✔Autosomal recessive - ✔✔Two copies of an abnormal gene must be present in order
for the disease or trait to develop
, ✔✔Aneuploidy - ✔✔Cells that do not contain a multiple of 23 chromosomes
✔✔Euploidy - ✔✔Condition in which a cell contains the correct number, and
combinations, of chromosomes.
✔✔Monosomy - ✔✔The presence of only one copy of a given chromosome in a diploid
cell. A common form of aneuploidy
✔✔Triploidy - ✔✔A zygote having three COPIES of each chromosome, rather than the
usual two
✔✔Trisomy - ✔✔An aneuploid cell containing three copies of one chromosome.
Newborns with trisomy of chromosomes 13,18, and 21 (Down syndrome) can survive.
✔✔X-linked recessive - ✔✔A mode of inheritance in which a mutation in a gene on the
X chromosome causes the phenotype to be?expressed in males
✔✔Penetrance - ✔✔Yes or no? Does a disease (or trait) show up? The probability that
an individual will express a given phenotype depending on the genotype
✔✔Expressivity - ✔✔How much? The extent to which a disorder is expressed as a
phenotype
✔✔Karyotype - ✔✔A display of the chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and
shape. 22 pairs of chromosomes are autosomes and 23rd pair is sex chromosomes
✔✔Genomic imprinting - ✔✔Process by which one allele is naturally inactivated
(silenced) by epigenetic changes and only one allele is expressed; diseases that result
from imprinting are Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes
✔✔Transcription - ✔✔The organic process by which RNA is synthesized from a DNA
template in the cell nucleus. The result is the formation of messenger RNA (mRNA.
✔✔Translation - ✔✔The process whereby genetic information coded in messenger RNA
directs the formation of a specific protein at a ribosome in the cytoplasm
✔✔DNA Methylation - ✔✔Process by which DNA becomes "bunched up" (removed
positive charge) and cannot be transcribed, i.e. are silenced (M=missing)
✔✔Prader-Willi Syndrome - ✔✔Inherit mutated allele from the FATHER, while the allele
inherited from the mother is naturally silenced. Characterized by hyperphagia and MR
(prader=vader)
