, (KubygImmunologygCovid-
19gDigitalgUpdate,g8egJennigPunt,gSharongStranford,gPatriciagJones,gJudygOwen)g(TestgBankgLatestgEdi
ng2023-24,gGradegA+,g100%gVerified)
Chapterg01
1. Twogofgthegmain,gearlygtheoriesgproposedgtogexplainghowgantigen-
specificgantibodiesgdevelopgweregtheginstructionalgtheorygandgthegselectivegtheory.gHowgdidgthegtwogdiff
er?gWhichgwasgultimatelygshowngtogbegCORRECT?
ANSWER:g Thegselectivegtheorygsaysgthat,gwhengangantigengreceptorgbindsgwithgangantigen,gthegcellgbecomesgac
tivatedg(orgthegcellgisgselectedgtogproliferategandgsecretegmoregcopiesgofgthegreceptor).gTheginstructio
nalgtheorygsaysgthatgthegantigengreceptorgmoldsgitselfgtogthegantigen.gThegselectivegtheorygwasgshow
ngtogbegcorrect.
2. Often,gserendipitygplaysgagrolegingsignificantgscientificgdiscoveries.gIngyourgowngwords,gexplaingho
wgserendipitygledgPasteurgtogdiscovergagcholeragvaccine.
ANSWER:g Pasteurgdevelopedgthegvaccinegingchickens,gwhichgweregingshortgsupply.gHegchallengedggroupsgofgch
ickensgwithgcholeragbacteria—
somegofgwhichgweregpreviouslygexposedgtogangattenuatedgversiongofgcholeragbacteria.gOnlygthegprev
iouslygexposedganimalsgweregprotectedgfromgagnewgchallenge,gwhichgledgtogthegusegofgweakenedgpa
thogensgasgvaccines.
3. Despitegitsghavinggbeengeradicatedgongagglobalgscale,gsmallpoxgisgpresentlygconsideredgagpotentialgbioterroris
mgthreat.gWhy?gUsegevidencegtogsupportgyourganswer.
ANSWER:g Aftergeradicationgwasgachieved,gsmallpoxgvaccinationgprogramsglargelygended.gAsgpopulationsgcon
tinuedgtoggrowgovergtime,gangever-
increasinggpercentagegofgtheghumangpopulationgremainsgunvaccinatedgandgthus,gisgstillgsusceptibleg
togthegdisease.
4. Priorgtog1999,gitgwasgclaimedgthatgagthimerosalgadditivegingvaccinesgwasgcontributinggtogthegrisinggincidenceg
ofgautism.gIfgthegclaimsgweregtrue,gwhatgresultantgtrendgmightgyougexpectgtogobservegingthegrategofgautismgonceg
thimerosalgwasgremovedgfromgvaccines?
ANSWER:g Onegwouldgreasonablygexpectgagdecreasegingthegrategofgautism.gHowever,gcasesgofgautismgcontinued
gtogrisegaftergthimerosalgwasgremovedgfromgvaccinesging2001.
5. Givengthegdiscoverygandgdevelopmentgofgeffectivegantibiotics,gmakegangargumentgforgthegcontinuedguseg
ofgvaccinesgagainstgbacterialgpathogens.gUsegevidencegtogsupportgyourganswer.
ANSWER:g Antibioticsgaregusedgforgtreatmentgofgdisease,gnotgtypicallygforgprevention.gAntibioticgtreatmentgisgn
otgfoolproofg(consideringgthegrisinggincidencegofgantibioticgresistance).gVaccinesgaregagpreventativeg
measure,gandgpreventiongisgtheggoldgstandardgforginfectiousgdiseasegcontrolgmeasures.
6. Youghavegagfriendgunfamiliargwithgimmunology,gandghegasksgyougthegfollowinggquestion:g"WhygdogIgneedgt
hegflugshotgeverygyear,gbutgdon'tgneedgangannualgchickenpoxgvaccine?"gAsgagstudentgofgimmunology,ghowgwo
uldgyougexplaingthisgdiscrepancygtogyourgfriend?gUsegevidencegtogsupportgyourganswer.
ANSWER:g Thegvirusgthatgcausesgthegflugchangesgeverygyearg-
gasgagresult,gagnewgflugvaccinegmustgbegpreparedgeachgyeargbasedgongagpredicationgofgthegmostgcom
mongformsgofgthegvirusglikelygtogbegencountered.gVaccinesgaregspecificgingthegtypegofgpathogengagai
nstgwhichgtheygprotect,gandgprotectiongagainstgonegtypegdoesgnotgguaranteegprotectiongagainstgpatho
gensgthatgaregclosely-related.
,7. Providegonegbenefitgandgonegdrawbackgofggeneratinggrandomgrecognitiongreceptorsgduringgthegdevelopmentg
ofgBgcells.
ANSWER:g Agbenefitgisghavinggthegcapacitygtogrecognizegandgrespondgtogdiversegpathogensgasgtheygevolve.gAgd
rawbackgisgthatgsomegrecognitiongreceptorsgcouldgpotentiallygrecognizegandgtargetghostgantigens.
, Name: Class: Date:
Chapterg01
8. Agportiongofgourgimmunegsystems'gwhitegbloodgcellsgisgconstantlygcirculatinggthroughoutgthegbodygvi
agcirculationgandglymphatics.gWhatgisgthegbenefitgofgsuchgcirculation?
ANSWER:g Thegcirculationgofgthegwhitegbloodgcellsgallowsgforgagmoregcomprehensivegsurveillancegofgthegbodyg
forgthegpresencegofgpotentialgpathogens.gAgsignificantgportiongofgtheghumangbodygisgconstantlygexp
osedgtogpotentialgmicrobialgpathogens.
9. Completegthegfollowinggtablegbygcomparinggandgcontrastingginnategandgadaptivegimmunegresponses.
InnategI Adaptive
mmunity gImmunit
y
Isgmediatedgbygwhatgcells?
Whatgdogtheygrecognize?
Howgaregthegreceptorsgen
coded?
Whygcan'tgtheygcontrolgallg
infectionsgalone?
Whatgdogtheygdogin
gresponsegtogantigen
?
ANSWER: Adaptive
InnategImmunity
gImmunit
y
Macrophages,gNKgce
Isgmediatedgbyg TgcellsgandgBg
lls,gneutrophils,gmastg
whatgcells? cells
cellsgeosinophils
Whatgdogtheygr Specific
Pathogengpatterns
ecognize? gepitope
s
Howgaregthegre
Rearrangedg
ceptorsgenco Germgline
genegsegments
ded?
Whygcan'tgtheyg
Pathogensgevolvege Takesgtooglongg
controlgallginfect
scapegmechanisms togdevelop
ionsgalone?
Whatgdogtheygdog Producegantib
Engulfgandgdestroy,gi
ingresponsegtogan odies,gkillginfe
nduceginflammation
tigen? ctedgcells
10. Whatgaregtheghallmarksgofginflammation?gDescribegthegphysicalgcharacteristicsgofgsomeonegexperiencingga
nginflammatorygresponse.
ANSWER:g Redness,gswelling,gheat,gpain.gSomeonegexperiencingginflammationgmightghaveglocalizedgswellingga
ndgrednessgorgitchinggorgmaygbegexperiencinggfaintnessgduegtogagloweringgofgbloodgpressuregifgmoreg
severe.
19gDigitalgUpdate,g8egJennigPunt,gSharongStranford,gPatriciagJones,gJudygOwen)g(TestgBankgLatestgEdi
ng2023-24,gGradegA+,g100%gVerified)
Chapterg01
1. Twogofgthegmain,gearlygtheoriesgproposedgtogexplainghowgantigen-
specificgantibodiesgdevelopgweregtheginstructionalgtheorygandgthegselectivegtheory.gHowgdidgthegtwogdiff
er?gWhichgwasgultimatelygshowngtogbegCORRECT?
ANSWER:g Thegselectivegtheorygsaysgthat,gwhengangantigengreceptorgbindsgwithgangantigen,gthegcellgbecomesgac
tivatedg(orgthegcellgisgselectedgtogproliferategandgsecretegmoregcopiesgofgthegreceptor).gTheginstructio
nalgtheorygsaysgthatgthegantigengreceptorgmoldsgitselfgtogthegantigen.gThegselectivegtheorygwasgshow
ngtogbegcorrect.
2. Often,gserendipitygplaysgagrolegingsignificantgscientificgdiscoveries.gIngyourgowngwords,gexplaingho
wgserendipitygledgPasteurgtogdiscovergagcholeragvaccine.
ANSWER:g Pasteurgdevelopedgthegvaccinegingchickens,gwhichgweregingshortgsupply.gHegchallengedggroupsgofgch
ickensgwithgcholeragbacteria—
somegofgwhichgweregpreviouslygexposedgtogangattenuatedgversiongofgcholeragbacteria.gOnlygthegprev
iouslygexposedganimalsgweregprotectedgfromgagnewgchallenge,gwhichgledgtogthegusegofgweakenedgpa
thogensgasgvaccines.
3. Despitegitsghavinggbeengeradicatedgongagglobalgscale,gsmallpoxgisgpresentlygconsideredgagpotentialgbioterroris
mgthreat.gWhy?gUsegevidencegtogsupportgyourganswer.
ANSWER:g Aftergeradicationgwasgachieved,gsmallpoxgvaccinationgprogramsglargelygended.gAsgpopulationsgcon
tinuedgtoggrowgovergtime,gangever-
increasinggpercentagegofgtheghumangpopulationgremainsgunvaccinatedgandgthus,gisgstillgsusceptibleg
togthegdisease.
4. Priorgtog1999,gitgwasgclaimedgthatgagthimerosalgadditivegingvaccinesgwasgcontributinggtogthegrisinggincidenceg
ofgautism.gIfgthegclaimsgweregtrue,gwhatgresultantgtrendgmightgyougexpectgtogobservegingthegrategofgautismgonceg
thimerosalgwasgremovedgfromgvaccines?
ANSWER:g Onegwouldgreasonablygexpectgagdecreasegingthegrategofgautism.gHowever,gcasesgofgautismgcontinued
gtogrisegaftergthimerosalgwasgremovedgfromgvaccinesging2001.
5. Givengthegdiscoverygandgdevelopmentgofgeffectivegantibiotics,gmakegangargumentgforgthegcontinuedguseg
ofgvaccinesgagainstgbacterialgpathogens.gUsegevidencegtogsupportgyourganswer.
ANSWER:g Antibioticsgaregusedgforgtreatmentgofgdisease,gnotgtypicallygforgprevention.gAntibioticgtreatmentgisgn
otgfoolproofg(consideringgthegrisinggincidencegofgantibioticgresistance).gVaccinesgaregagpreventativeg
measure,gandgpreventiongisgtheggoldgstandardgforginfectiousgdiseasegcontrolgmeasures.
6. Youghavegagfriendgunfamiliargwithgimmunology,gandghegasksgyougthegfollowinggquestion:g"WhygdogIgneedgt
hegflugshotgeverygyear,gbutgdon'tgneedgangannualgchickenpoxgvaccine?"gAsgagstudentgofgimmunology,ghowgwo
uldgyougexplaingthisgdiscrepancygtogyourgfriend?gUsegevidencegtogsupportgyourganswer.
ANSWER:g Thegvirusgthatgcausesgthegflugchangesgeverygyearg-
gasgagresult,gagnewgflugvaccinegmustgbegpreparedgeachgyeargbasedgongagpredicationgofgthegmostgcom
mongformsgofgthegvirusglikelygtogbegencountered.gVaccinesgaregspecificgingthegtypegofgpathogengagai
nstgwhichgtheygprotect,gandgprotectiongagainstgonegtypegdoesgnotgguaranteegprotectiongagainstgpatho
gensgthatgaregclosely-related.
,7. Providegonegbenefitgandgonegdrawbackgofggeneratinggrandomgrecognitiongreceptorsgduringgthegdevelopmentg
ofgBgcells.
ANSWER:g Agbenefitgisghavinggthegcapacitygtogrecognizegandgrespondgtogdiversegpathogensgasgtheygevolve.gAgd
rawbackgisgthatgsomegrecognitiongreceptorsgcouldgpotentiallygrecognizegandgtargetghostgantigens.
, Name: Class: Date:
Chapterg01
8. Agportiongofgourgimmunegsystems'gwhitegbloodgcellsgisgconstantlygcirculatinggthroughoutgthegbodygvi
agcirculationgandglymphatics.gWhatgisgthegbenefitgofgsuchgcirculation?
ANSWER:g Thegcirculationgofgthegwhitegbloodgcellsgallowsgforgagmoregcomprehensivegsurveillancegofgthegbodyg
forgthegpresencegofgpotentialgpathogens.gAgsignificantgportiongofgtheghumangbodygisgconstantlygexp
osedgtogpotentialgmicrobialgpathogens.
9. Completegthegfollowinggtablegbygcomparinggandgcontrastingginnategandgadaptivegimmunegresponses.
InnategI Adaptive
mmunity gImmunit
y
Isgmediatedgbygwhatgcells?
Whatgdogtheygrecognize?
Howgaregthegreceptorsgen
coded?
Whygcan'tgtheygcontrolgallg
infectionsgalone?
Whatgdogtheygdogin
gresponsegtogantigen
?
ANSWER: Adaptive
InnategImmunity
gImmunit
y
Macrophages,gNKgce
Isgmediatedgbyg TgcellsgandgBg
lls,gneutrophils,gmastg
whatgcells? cells
cellsgeosinophils
Whatgdogtheygr Specific
Pathogengpatterns
ecognize? gepitope
s
Howgaregthegre
Rearrangedg
ceptorsgenco Germgline
genegsegments
ded?
Whygcan'tgtheyg
Pathogensgevolvege Takesgtooglongg
controlgallginfect
scapegmechanisms togdevelop
ionsgalone?
Whatgdogtheygdog Producegantib
Engulfgandgdestroy,gi
ingresponsegtogan odies,gkillginfe
nduceginflammation
tigen? ctedgcells
10. Whatgaregtheghallmarksgofginflammation?gDescribegthegphysicalgcharacteristicsgofgsomeonegexperiencingga
nginflammatorygresponse.
ANSWER:g Redness,gswelling,gheat,gpain.gSomeonegexperiencingginflammationgmightghaveglocalizedgswellingga
ndgrednessgorgitchinggorgmaygbegexperiencinggfaintnessgduegtogagloweringgofgbloodgpressuregifgmoreg
severe.
