BIO 100 MAIN EXAMINATION SET QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔Osmosis - ✔✔Transportation of water.
✔✔Passive transport - ✔✔Transporting material, does not use energy.
✔✔Pinocytosis - ✔✔Imports macromolecules.
✔✔Plasmolysis - ✔✔Detaching membrane from cell wall.
✔✔Receptor-mediated endocytosis - ✔✔Specific bonding proteins in plasma
membrane.
✔✔Selectively permeable - ✔✔Allows some substance to go through it.
✔✔Solute - ✔✔Dissolves in liquid.
✔✔Solution - ✔✔Can dissolve solutions.
✔✔Chromosomes - ✔✔In humans, 46 chromosomes present
✔✔Gametes - ✔✔Sex cells
✔✔Synapsis - ✔✔Homologous chromosomes pair together
✔✔Tetrad - ✔✔A bundle of four chromatids
✔✔Homologous Chromosomes - ✔✔Duplicates, one maternal, one paternal
✔✔Locus - ✔✔A gene on the segment of these pairs of chromosomes
✔✔Sex Chromosomes - ✔✔Pair 23, X and Y differ in size and genetic composition
✔✔Zygote - ✔✔Sexual reproduction combines sex cells (gametes) from 2 parents
through fertilization
✔✔Independent Assortment - ✔✔Equal probability of the maternal or paternal
chromosome aligning on either side
✔✔Alleles - ✔✔Different versions of a gene
✔✔Diploid - ✔✔Containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent
, ✔✔Haploid - ✔✔Containing half set of chromosomes
✔✔Nondisjunction - ✔✔Occurs when homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids
fail to separate during meiosis, resulting in an abnormal chromosome number
✔✔Polyploid - ✔✔Condition where a cell or organism has more than two complete sets
of chromosomes (e.g., 3n, 4n, 6n)
✔✔Autosomes - ✔✔The other 22 pairs of chromosomes are autosomes with the same
size and genetic composition
✔✔Codominance - ✔✔Same expression of both alleles
✔✔Dihybrid - ✔✔Crossing of 2 traits. Ex: flower color (purple and white) AND height
(short and tall)
✔✔Dominant - ✔✔Alleles that mask others - often designated with capital letters.
Example: P for purple flower
✔✔Genotype - ✔✔The specific combination of hereditary particles carried by an
individual that cause a phenotype
✔✔Heterozygous - ✔✔When alleles for the same trait differ
✔✔Homozygous - ✔✔When both alleles for the same trait are the same. Example: PP
or pp
✔✔Incomplete Dominance - ✔✔Get an intermediate. Don't have dominant and
recessive so incomplete. Ex: Snapdragons 1 red: 2 pink: 1 white
✔✔Monohybrid - ✔✔Result of 2 true breeding parents
✔✔Phenotype - ✔✔Characteristic version of a trait we actually see physically. Example:
purple flower or blue eyes
✔✔Recessive - ✔✔Alleles that are masked by others - often designated with lower case
letters. Example: p for white flower
✔✔Sex-Linked - ✔✔Alleles located on the sex chromosomes
✔✔X-Linked - ✔✔Gene present on X but NOT on Y
✔✔True Breeding - ✔✔Consistently produces offspring
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔Osmosis - ✔✔Transportation of water.
✔✔Passive transport - ✔✔Transporting material, does not use energy.
✔✔Pinocytosis - ✔✔Imports macromolecules.
✔✔Plasmolysis - ✔✔Detaching membrane from cell wall.
✔✔Receptor-mediated endocytosis - ✔✔Specific bonding proteins in plasma
membrane.
✔✔Selectively permeable - ✔✔Allows some substance to go through it.
✔✔Solute - ✔✔Dissolves in liquid.
✔✔Solution - ✔✔Can dissolve solutions.
✔✔Chromosomes - ✔✔In humans, 46 chromosomes present
✔✔Gametes - ✔✔Sex cells
✔✔Synapsis - ✔✔Homologous chromosomes pair together
✔✔Tetrad - ✔✔A bundle of four chromatids
✔✔Homologous Chromosomes - ✔✔Duplicates, one maternal, one paternal
✔✔Locus - ✔✔A gene on the segment of these pairs of chromosomes
✔✔Sex Chromosomes - ✔✔Pair 23, X and Y differ in size and genetic composition
✔✔Zygote - ✔✔Sexual reproduction combines sex cells (gametes) from 2 parents
through fertilization
✔✔Independent Assortment - ✔✔Equal probability of the maternal or paternal
chromosome aligning on either side
✔✔Alleles - ✔✔Different versions of a gene
✔✔Diploid - ✔✔Containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent
, ✔✔Haploid - ✔✔Containing half set of chromosomes
✔✔Nondisjunction - ✔✔Occurs when homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids
fail to separate during meiosis, resulting in an abnormal chromosome number
✔✔Polyploid - ✔✔Condition where a cell or organism has more than two complete sets
of chromosomes (e.g., 3n, 4n, 6n)
✔✔Autosomes - ✔✔The other 22 pairs of chromosomes are autosomes with the same
size and genetic composition
✔✔Codominance - ✔✔Same expression of both alleles
✔✔Dihybrid - ✔✔Crossing of 2 traits. Ex: flower color (purple and white) AND height
(short and tall)
✔✔Dominant - ✔✔Alleles that mask others - often designated with capital letters.
Example: P for purple flower
✔✔Genotype - ✔✔The specific combination of hereditary particles carried by an
individual that cause a phenotype
✔✔Heterozygous - ✔✔When alleles for the same trait differ
✔✔Homozygous - ✔✔When both alleles for the same trait are the same. Example: PP
or pp
✔✔Incomplete Dominance - ✔✔Get an intermediate. Don't have dominant and
recessive so incomplete. Ex: Snapdragons 1 red: 2 pink: 1 white
✔✔Monohybrid - ✔✔Result of 2 true breeding parents
✔✔Phenotype - ✔✔Characteristic version of a trait we actually see physically. Example:
purple flower or blue eyes
✔✔Recessive - ✔✔Alleles that are masked by others - often designated with lower case
letters. Example: p for white flower
✔✔Sex-Linked - ✔✔Alleles located on the sex chromosomes
✔✔X-Linked - ✔✔Gene present on X but NOT on Y
✔✔True Breeding - ✔✔Consistently produces offspring
