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NR507- Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam (NEW UPDATED VERSION)
LATEST ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS (VERIFIED
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS) | GUARANTEED PASS A+ UPDATED THIS YEAR
Acute renal failure - CORRECT ANSWER Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this indicates that
kidneys are functioning well
QUESTION : Acute Pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER Diagnosing by clinical
symptoms alone can be difficult; can be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
QUESTION : Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) - CORRECT ANSWER Goals of
Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
2026 2027 GRADED A+
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Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
QUESTION : Chronic Renal Failure - CORRECT ANSWER Chronic Kidney
Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of renal function associated with systemic disease such
as hypertension, diabetes mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic lupus
erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
QUESTION : Who is a candidate for dialysis? - CORRECT ANSWER End-stage
renal disease (ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with the number one cause being diabetes
mellitus combined with hypertension. At this point, the patient is completely dependent on
dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather than symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves) is an
indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for dialysis and
include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
QUESTION : Stage I CKD - CORRECT ANSWER There is kidney damage with
normal or elevated GFR
90-120
2026 2027 GRADED A+
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QUESTION : Stage II CKD - CORRECT ANSWER There is kidney damage with
mild decrease in GFR
60-89
QUESTION : Stage III CKD - CORRECT ANSWER There is a moderate decrease in
GFR
30-59
QUESTION : Stage IV CKD - CORRECT ANSWER There is a severe decrease in
GFR
15-29
QUESTION : Stage V CKD - CORRECT ANSWER Kidney failure- End-stage renal
disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is inevitable as well as
dialysis or kidney transplant
QUESTION : Complications of Decreased GFR - CORRECT ANSWER Anemia
Hypertension
Decreased calcium absorption
Hyperlipidemia
Heart failure
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Fluid volume overload
Hyperkalemia
2026 2027 GRADED A+
NR507- Advanced Pathophysiology Final Exam (NEW UPDATED VERSION)
LATEST ACTUAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS (VERIFIED
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS) | GUARANTEED PASS A+ UPDATED THIS YEAR
Acute renal failure - CORRECT ANSWER Reversible
Determining prognosis- kidneys respond to diuretic with good output; this indicates that
kidneys are functioning well
QUESTION : Acute Pyelonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER Diagnosing by clinical
symptoms alone can be difficult; can be similar to cystitis
Diagnosis established by:
-Urine culture
-Urinalysis (WBC casts indicates pyelonephritis, but may not always be present)
-Signs/Symptoms
-Complicated pyelonephritis requires blood cultures and urinary tract imaging
QUESTION : Renal Calculi (Renal Stones) - CORRECT ANSWER Goals of
Treatment:
Manage acute pain
Promote passage of stone
2026 2027 GRADED A+
,2|Page
Reduce size of stone
Prevent new stone formation
QUESTION : Chronic Renal Failure - CORRECT ANSWER Chronic Kidney
Disease (CKD) is a progressive loss of renal function associated with systemic disease such
as hypertension, diabetes mellitus (most significant risk factor), systemic lupus
erythematosus or intrinsic kidney disease
CKD stage is determined by estimates of GFR and albuminuria
QUESTION : Who is a candidate for dialysis? - CORRECT ANSWER End-stage
renal disease (ESRD) is the final stage of CKD with the number one cause being diabetes
mellitus combined with hypertension. At this point, the patient is completely dependent on
dialysis to survive.
CKD is classified into five stages and is based on the patient's GFR rather than symptoms.
Patients will need dialysis when the following symptoms are present:
--Metabolic acidosis.
--Hyperkalemia: Hyperkalemia in the presence of EKG changes (peaked T-waves) is an
indication for dialysis. --Hyperkalemia by itself is not an indication for dialysis.
--Drug toxicity: Drug toxicity due to the following drugs is an indication for dialysis and
include salicylates, Lithium, Isopropanol, Methanol and Ethylene glycol).
--Fluid volume overload that is not responsive to diuretics.
--Uremic symptoms due to nitrogenous wastes in the blood stream.
QUESTION : Stage I CKD - CORRECT ANSWER There is kidney damage with
normal or elevated GFR
90-120
2026 2027 GRADED A+
, 3|Page
QUESTION : Stage II CKD - CORRECT ANSWER There is kidney damage with
mild decrease in GFR
60-89
QUESTION : Stage III CKD - CORRECT ANSWER There is a moderate decrease in
GFR
30-59
QUESTION : Stage IV CKD - CORRECT ANSWER There is a severe decrease in
GFR
15-29
QUESTION : Stage V CKD - CORRECT ANSWER Kidney failure- End-stage renal
disease
<15 (dialysis) Once Stage IV is reached, progression to Stage V is inevitable as well as
dialysis or kidney transplant
QUESTION : Complications of Decreased GFR - CORRECT ANSWER Anemia
Hypertension
Decreased calcium absorption
Hyperlipidemia
Heart failure
Left ventricular hypertrophy
Fluid volume overload
Hyperkalemia
2026 2027 GRADED A+
