HPD EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS 100% PASS
Where is the apical pulse and what is it - CORRECT ANSWER-Left 5th
intercostal space
It is the end of the left ventricle and is the strongest part of the heart
Normal size of a PMI - CORRECT ANSWER-1-2 cm
What might a larger PMI indicate - CORRECT ANSWER-left ventricular
hypertrophy
What is S1 - CORRECT ANSWER-Systole of ventricular contraction
AV valves close and semilunar valves open
what you hear is the closing of the mitral valve
What is S2 - CORRECT ANSWER-Diastole or ventricular relaxation
Mitral and tricuspid valves open and semilunar valves close
What you clear is the closing of the aortic valve
,What are the semilunar valves - CORRECT ANSWER-pulmonic and aortic
What are the AV valves - CORRECT ANSWER-tricuspid and mitral
S3 - CORRECT ANSWER-Rapid deceleration of blood against the left ventricular
wall
S4 - CORRECT ANSWER-atrial contraction, precedes S1
splitting of heart sounds - CORRECT ANSWER-during inspiration, right heart
filling time is increased, which increases R ventricular stroke volume and duration
of R ventricular ejection
This delays the closure of the pulmonic valve (P2) splitting S2 into two audible
components
heart murmurs - CORRECT ANSWER-distinct heart sounds attributed to
turbulent flow
may be innocent or pathologic
Where to hear aortic valve - CORRECT ANSWER-Right 2nd IC space
where to hear pulmonic valve - CORRECT ANSWER-Left 2nd/3rd IC space
hear tricuspid valve - CORRECT ANSWER-left lower sternal border
hear mitral valve - CORRECT ANSWER-cardiac apex at the 5th intercostal space
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,where is the SA node - CORRECT ANSWER-R atrium junction with vena cava
Where is the AV node - CORRECT ANSWER-located low in the atrial septum
and moves to bundle of His and bundle branches
How is a positive vector created in an ECG - CORRECT ANSWER-when electric
vector is toward lead
v1-v6 is always positive
P wave - CORRECT ANSWER-atrial depolarization
Q wave - CORRECT ANSWER-downward deflection from septal depolarization
R wave - CORRECT ANSWER-upward deflection from ventricular depolarization
S wave - CORRECT ANSWER-downward deflection following an R wave
T wave - CORRECT ANSWER-ventricular repolarization
cardiac output - CORRECT ANSWER-volume of blood ejected from each
ventricle during 1 minute= HR x SV
In liters per minute
what 3 things does SV depend on - CORRECT ANSWER-preload
myocardial contractility
, afterload
preload - CORRECT ANSWER-volume of blood in the RV at the end of diastole,
stretches the muscle before contraction
what two situations increase pre load - CORRECT ANSWER-inspiration and
heart failure
myocardial contractility - CORRECT ANSWER-ability of cardiac muscle to
shorted when given a load
what decreases/increases myocardial contractility - CORRECT ANSWER-
increased with sympathetic NS
decreased with low O2
afterload - CORRECT ANSWER-degree of vascular resistance to ventricular
contraction
what increases afterload? - CORRECT ANSWER-aortic tone or large arteries and
peripheral vascular tree (small/large arterioles)
Pulse pressure - CORRECT ANSWER-difference between diastolic and systolic
Factors that affect blood pressure - CORRECT ANSWER-Left ventricular stroke
volume
distensibility of aorta and large arteries
COPYRIGHT ©️ 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
ANSWERS 100% PASS
Where is the apical pulse and what is it - CORRECT ANSWER-Left 5th
intercostal space
It is the end of the left ventricle and is the strongest part of the heart
Normal size of a PMI - CORRECT ANSWER-1-2 cm
What might a larger PMI indicate - CORRECT ANSWER-left ventricular
hypertrophy
What is S1 - CORRECT ANSWER-Systole of ventricular contraction
AV valves close and semilunar valves open
what you hear is the closing of the mitral valve
What is S2 - CORRECT ANSWER-Diastole or ventricular relaxation
Mitral and tricuspid valves open and semilunar valves close
What you clear is the closing of the aortic valve
,What are the semilunar valves - CORRECT ANSWER-pulmonic and aortic
What are the AV valves - CORRECT ANSWER-tricuspid and mitral
S3 - CORRECT ANSWER-Rapid deceleration of blood against the left ventricular
wall
S4 - CORRECT ANSWER-atrial contraction, precedes S1
splitting of heart sounds - CORRECT ANSWER-during inspiration, right heart
filling time is increased, which increases R ventricular stroke volume and duration
of R ventricular ejection
This delays the closure of the pulmonic valve (P2) splitting S2 into two audible
components
heart murmurs - CORRECT ANSWER-distinct heart sounds attributed to
turbulent flow
may be innocent or pathologic
Where to hear aortic valve - CORRECT ANSWER-Right 2nd IC space
where to hear pulmonic valve - CORRECT ANSWER-Left 2nd/3rd IC space
hear tricuspid valve - CORRECT ANSWER-left lower sternal border
hear mitral valve - CORRECT ANSWER-cardiac apex at the 5th intercostal space
COPYRIGHT ©️ 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
,where is the SA node - CORRECT ANSWER-R atrium junction with vena cava
Where is the AV node - CORRECT ANSWER-located low in the atrial septum
and moves to bundle of His and bundle branches
How is a positive vector created in an ECG - CORRECT ANSWER-when electric
vector is toward lead
v1-v6 is always positive
P wave - CORRECT ANSWER-atrial depolarization
Q wave - CORRECT ANSWER-downward deflection from septal depolarization
R wave - CORRECT ANSWER-upward deflection from ventricular depolarization
S wave - CORRECT ANSWER-downward deflection following an R wave
T wave - CORRECT ANSWER-ventricular repolarization
cardiac output - CORRECT ANSWER-volume of blood ejected from each
ventricle during 1 minute= HR x SV
In liters per minute
what 3 things does SV depend on - CORRECT ANSWER-preload
myocardial contractility
, afterload
preload - CORRECT ANSWER-volume of blood in the RV at the end of diastole,
stretches the muscle before contraction
what two situations increase pre load - CORRECT ANSWER-inspiration and
heart failure
myocardial contractility - CORRECT ANSWER-ability of cardiac muscle to
shorted when given a load
what decreases/increases myocardial contractility - CORRECT ANSWER-
increased with sympathetic NS
decreased with low O2
afterload - CORRECT ANSWER-degree of vascular resistance to ventricular
contraction
what increases afterload? - CORRECT ANSWER-aortic tone or large arteries and
peripheral vascular tree (small/large arterioles)
Pulse pressure - CORRECT ANSWER-difference between diastolic and systolic
Factors that affect blood pressure - CORRECT ANSWER-Left ventricular stroke
volume
distensibility of aorta and large arteries
COPYRIGHT ©️ 2025 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
