PSYC 331 EVALUATION EXAM ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔What was the primary conflict in psychology during the behaviorist revolution? -
✔✔The conflict between introspection-based approaches and the objective study of
behavior.
✔✔What did Pavlov initially think about the field of psychology? - ✔✔He considered it
unscientific and was hesitant to associate his work with it.
✔✔What role did Ivan Pavlov hold at St. Petersburg's Military Academy? - ✔✔He was a
professor of physiology.
✔✔What was the significance of Pavlov's Nobel Prize? - ✔✔It brought widespread
recognition to his work on classical conditioning.
✔✔What physiological discovery did Eduard Weber make that influenced Sechenov? -
✔✔He discovered that stimulation of the vagus nerve could slow a frog's heart rate.
✔✔What did Sechenov's definition of reflexes include? - ✔✔All muscle movements
caused by prior events.
✔✔How did behaviorism differ from structuralism and functionalism? - ✔✔Behaviorism
focused solely on observable behavior, while structuralism and functionalism included
introspective methods.
✔✔What is the relationship between excitation and inhibition in the central nervous
system according to Pavlov? - ✔✔All activity can be characterized as either excitation
or inhibition.
✔✔What did Pavlov's experiments reveal about the nature of conditioned responses? -
✔✔Conditioned responses can be influenced by the context and nature of stimuli.
✔✔What was the primary method used by early behaviorists to study behavior? -
✔✔Objective measurement of observable behaviors.
✔✔What did the behaviorist revolution emphasize in psychological research? - ✔✔The
importance of empirical evidence and observable phenomena over introspection.
✔✔What are the two types of central nervous system activity identified by Pavlov? -
✔✔Excitation and inhibition
,✔✔What term did Pavlov use to describe the pattern of brain activity? - ✔✔Cortical
mosaic
✔✔What happens during the process of extinction in classical conditioning? - ✔✔The
conditioned response diminishes when the conditioned stimulus is presented without
the unconditioned stimulus.
✔✔How did Pavlov view the relationship between physiological mechanisms and
associationism? - ✔✔He believed he had put associationism on an objective footing by
demonstrating physiological mechanisms.
✔✔Who was Vladimir Bechterev and what was his contribution to psychology? - ✔✔A
Russian psychologist who argued for objective psychology and focused on the
relationship between environmental stimulation and behavior.
✔✔What was Bechterev's criticism of Pavlov's research? - ✔✔He criticized the focus on
glandular responses and argued for the study of motor reflexes instead.
✔✔What significant laboratory did Bechterev create in Russia? - ✔✔The first
experimental laboratory similar to Wundt's.
✔✔What approach did John Watson advocate for in psychology? - ✔✔Behaviorism,
focusing on observable behavior rather than introspection.
✔✔What was Watson's famous lecture that summarized his views on psychology? -
✔✔Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It.
✔✔What innate emotional reactions did Watson identify in infants? - ✔✔Fear, rage, and
love.
✔✔What was the focus of Watson's book 'Psychology from the Standpoint of a
Behaviorist'? - ✔✔Thought, language, child development, and emotion in humans.
✔✔What was the Little Albert experiment? - ✔✔An experiment where a child was
conditioned to fear a white rat by pairing it with a loud noise.
✔✔What is the significance of Watson's work with Little Albert? - ✔✔It demonstrated
how emotional responses can be conditioned in humans.
✔✔What did Watson believe about the role of animals in psychological research? -
✔✔He believed that studying animals was important due to psychological similarities
with humans.
, ✔✔What was the outcome of Watson's presidency at the APA? - ✔✔He suggested that
human emotions could be considered as glandular and muscular reflexes.
✔✔What did Pavlov's research primarily focus on? - ✔✔Conditioned reflexes and the
physiological responses associated with them.
✔✔How did Pavlov's influence extend beyond Russia? - ✔✔His work and concepts
became widely known and influential in the United States.
✔✔What did Bechterev's work foreshadow in American psychology? - ✔✔His ideas
were similar to what would become radical behaviorism.
✔✔What was the main criticism Bechterev had regarding Pavlov's methods? - ✔✔The
generalizability problem due to surgical procedures required for gastric secretion
studies.
✔✔What did Watson believe was the goal of psychology? - ✔✔To predict and control
behavior, rather than to understand consciousness.
✔✔What was Watson's view on introspection in psychology? - ✔✔He believed it played
no role in research.
✔✔What was the relationship between Watson and Karl Lashley? - ✔✔Lashley showed
Watson writings on conditioned reflexes, which influenced their research on human
conditioned responses.
✔✔What did Watson argue about the conditioning of human emotions? - ✔✔He
suggested that human emotions could be conditioned similarly to Pavlov's conditioning
of dogs.
✔✔What was a major theme in Watson's early research? - ✔✔The study of animal
behavior, particularly in learning and development.
✔✔What was the significance of Pavlov's death? - ✔✔He died a national hero, with his
influence having spread significantly.
✔✔What did Watson do after returning to Johns Hopkins post-World War I? - ✔✔He
published 'Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist,' focusing on human
emotions and development.
✔✔What did Watson's research with Little Albert demonstrate about generalization? -
✔✔The conditioned fear response generalized to other furry items, not just the rat.
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
✔✔What was the primary conflict in psychology during the behaviorist revolution? -
✔✔The conflict between introspection-based approaches and the objective study of
behavior.
✔✔What did Pavlov initially think about the field of psychology? - ✔✔He considered it
unscientific and was hesitant to associate his work with it.
✔✔What role did Ivan Pavlov hold at St. Petersburg's Military Academy? - ✔✔He was a
professor of physiology.
✔✔What was the significance of Pavlov's Nobel Prize? - ✔✔It brought widespread
recognition to his work on classical conditioning.
✔✔What physiological discovery did Eduard Weber make that influenced Sechenov? -
✔✔He discovered that stimulation of the vagus nerve could slow a frog's heart rate.
✔✔What did Sechenov's definition of reflexes include? - ✔✔All muscle movements
caused by prior events.
✔✔How did behaviorism differ from structuralism and functionalism? - ✔✔Behaviorism
focused solely on observable behavior, while structuralism and functionalism included
introspective methods.
✔✔What is the relationship between excitation and inhibition in the central nervous
system according to Pavlov? - ✔✔All activity can be characterized as either excitation
or inhibition.
✔✔What did Pavlov's experiments reveal about the nature of conditioned responses? -
✔✔Conditioned responses can be influenced by the context and nature of stimuli.
✔✔What was the primary method used by early behaviorists to study behavior? -
✔✔Objective measurement of observable behaviors.
✔✔What did the behaviorist revolution emphasize in psychological research? - ✔✔The
importance of empirical evidence and observable phenomena over introspection.
✔✔What are the two types of central nervous system activity identified by Pavlov? -
✔✔Excitation and inhibition
,✔✔What term did Pavlov use to describe the pattern of brain activity? - ✔✔Cortical
mosaic
✔✔What happens during the process of extinction in classical conditioning? - ✔✔The
conditioned response diminishes when the conditioned stimulus is presented without
the unconditioned stimulus.
✔✔How did Pavlov view the relationship between physiological mechanisms and
associationism? - ✔✔He believed he had put associationism on an objective footing by
demonstrating physiological mechanisms.
✔✔Who was Vladimir Bechterev and what was his contribution to psychology? - ✔✔A
Russian psychologist who argued for objective psychology and focused on the
relationship between environmental stimulation and behavior.
✔✔What was Bechterev's criticism of Pavlov's research? - ✔✔He criticized the focus on
glandular responses and argued for the study of motor reflexes instead.
✔✔What significant laboratory did Bechterev create in Russia? - ✔✔The first
experimental laboratory similar to Wundt's.
✔✔What approach did John Watson advocate for in psychology? - ✔✔Behaviorism,
focusing on observable behavior rather than introspection.
✔✔What was Watson's famous lecture that summarized his views on psychology? -
✔✔Psychology as the Behaviorist Views It.
✔✔What innate emotional reactions did Watson identify in infants? - ✔✔Fear, rage, and
love.
✔✔What was the focus of Watson's book 'Psychology from the Standpoint of a
Behaviorist'? - ✔✔Thought, language, child development, and emotion in humans.
✔✔What was the Little Albert experiment? - ✔✔An experiment where a child was
conditioned to fear a white rat by pairing it with a loud noise.
✔✔What is the significance of Watson's work with Little Albert? - ✔✔It demonstrated
how emotional responses can be conditioned in humans.
✔✔What did Watson believe about the role of animals in psychological research? -
✔✔He believed that studying animals was important due to psychological similarities
with humans.
, ✔✔What was the outcome of Watson's presidency at the APA? - ✔✔He suggested that
human emotions could be considered as glandular and muscular reflexes.
✔✔What did Pavlov's research primarily focus on? - ✔✔Conditioned reflexes and the
physiological responses associated with them.
✔✔How did Pavlov's influence extend beyond Russia? - ✔✔His work and concepts
became widely known and influential in the United States.
✔✔What did Bechterev's work foreshadow in American psychology? - ✔✔His ideas
were similar to what would become radical behaviorism.
✔✔What was the main criticism Bechterev had regarding Pavlov's methods? - ✔✔The
generalizability problem due to surgical procedures required for gastric secretion
studies.
✔✔What did Watson believe was the goal of psychology? - ✔✔To predict and control
behavior, rather than to understand consciousness.
✔✔What was Watson's view on introspection in psychology? - ✔✔He believed it played
no role in research.
✔✔What was the relationship between Watson and Karl Lashley? - ✔✔Lashley showed
Watson writings on conditioned reflexes, which influenced their research on human
conditioned responses.
✔✔What did Watson argue about the conditioning of human emotions? - ✔✔He
suggested that human emotions could be conditioned similarly to Pavlov's conditioning
of dogs.
✔✔What was a major theme in Watson's early research? - ✔✔The study of animal
behavior, particularly in learning and development.
✔✔What was the significance of Pavlov's death? - ✔✔He died a national hero, with his
influence having spread significantly.
✔✔What did Watson do after returning to Johns Hopkins post-World War I? - ✔✔He
published 'Psychology from the Standpoint of a Behaviorist,' focusing on human
emotions and development.
✔✔What did Watson's research with Little Albert demonstrate about generalization? -
✔✔The conditioned fear response generalized to other furry items, not just the rat.
