Organic Compounds :
Nomenclature
Alkanes
saturated hydrocarbons
↳ hydrocarbon :
molecule only containing carbon and hydrogen
↳ saturated : no double or triple bond
·
can be branched or straight-chain
/
-
x
straight
chain branched
Classifying Carbons
using the number of other carbons
carbon-1carbon (10 primary carbon) [CHs]
·
carbon-2 carbons (20 secondary carbon) [CH2]
·
carbon-3 carbons (30 tertiary Carbon) [CH]
Nomenclature :
* *
straight chain alkanes are named as prefix are
·
↳ how in the chain
prefix many carbons
:
I methane
2 ethane
3 propane
4 butane
5
pentane
6 nexane
7
heptane
G octane
9 nonane
10 decane
Alkyl Groups
substituents of another molecule that only contains saturated carbons
1 ALKYL GROUP
- NONANE
examples of alkyl groups
:
methyl group CHs
ethyl group
alkyl group (R)
, Alkyl Groups
groups of 3 + carbons can themselves be branched
group has
each structural isomer of alkyl its own name
I carbon 2 carbons 3 carbons 3 carbons
CH3 -
mi T
mum - mun
win
methyl group ethyl group Isopropyl
propyl group
group
4 carbons
-T mus
↓ 1
Hu Ynum
&
butyl group isobutyl group sec-butyl tert-butyl
group group
Alkanes Nomenclature :
① Find the longest carbon chain .
Base name associated wh this carbon
↳
parent chain
↳ may length.
or
may not continue in the same direction throughout the
② Number each carbon the parent chain ,
so that the substituents are on the lowest
number / combination of numbers possible .
③ Find any alkyl groups ,
attach them to base name in this order
↳
> location of substituent
-
name of substinent base name
# If there are multiple identical substinent groups , All carbon locations are listed and
prefixes distri ,
or tetra
are used before the substinent name
⑤ In the case of multiple different substinents ,
ordered alphabetically in the name :
NOT CONSIDERED FOR ALPHABETICAL :
di , tri ,
tetra sec and tert
,
CONSIDERED :
isO
eX) 5-ethyl-3 ,
3 dimethylheptane 5-sec-butyl , 3-methyldecane
sec-butyl
*
F
ethyl group
I
&, 7
C7 carbon /
chain (
methyl methyl
10 8
9
⑥ When numbering in both directions gives equally low substinent numbers ,
group listed first alphabetically
gets lower number
⑦ 2
options for parent chains ,
choose one w/ most substituents to avoid branched alkyl groups
Nomenclature
Alkanes
saturated hydrocarbons
↳ hydrocarbon :
molecule only containing carbon and hydrogen
↳ saturated : no double or triple bond
·
can be branched or straight-chain
/
-
x
straight
chain branched
Classifying Carbons
using the number of other carbons
carbon-1carbon (10 primary carbon) [CHs]
·
carbon-2 carbons (20 secondary carbon) [CH2]
·
carbon-3 carbons (30 tertiary Carbon) [CH]
Nomenclature :
* *
straight chain alkanes are named as prefix are
·
↳ how in the chain
prefix many carbons
:
I methane
2 ethane
3 propane
4 butane
5
pentane
6 nexane
7
heptane
G octane
9 nonane
10 decane
Alkyl Groups
substituents of another molecule that only contains saturated carbons
1 ALKYL GROUP
- NONANE
examples of alkyl groups
:
methyl group CHs
ethyl group
alkyl group (R)
, Alkyl Groups
groups of 3 + carbons can themselves be branched
group has
each structural isomer of alkyl its own name
I carbon 2 carbons 3 carbons 3 carbons
CH3 -
mi T
mum - mun
win
methyl group ethyl group Isopropyl
propyl group
group
4 carbons
-T mus
↓ 1
Hu Ynum
&
butyl group isobutyl group sec-butyl tert-butyl
group group
Alkanes Nomenclature :
① Find the longest carbon chain .
Base name associated wh this carbon
↳
parent chain
↳ may length.
or
may not continue in the same direction throughout the
② Number each carbon the parent chain ,
so that the substituents are on the lowest
number / combination of numbers possible .
③ Find any alkyl groups ,
attach them to base name in this order
↳
> location of substituent
-
name of substinent base name
# If there are multiple identical substinent groups , All carbon locations are listed and
prefixes distri ,
or tetra
are used before the substinent name
⑤ In the case of multiple different substinents ,
ordered alphabetically in the name :
NOT CONSIDERED FOR ALPHABETICAL :
di , tri ,
tetra sec and tert
,
CONSIDERED :
isO
eX) 5-ethyl-3 ,
3 dimethylheptane 5-sec-butyl , 3-methyldecane
sec-butyl
*
F
ethyl group
I
&, 7
C7 carbon /
chain (
methyl methyl
10 8
9
⑥ When numbering in both directions gives equally low substinent numbers ,
group listed first alphabetically
gets lower number
⑦ 2
options for parent chains ,
choose one w/ most substituents to avoid branched alkyl groups
