KIN 4512 Module 5 Final Exam
Questions with All Solved Solutions
2025-2026 Updated.
MODULE 4 Physical Growth, Maturation & Aging - Answer
Why is the study of physical growth important to us? - Answer -Physical size changes motor
skill acquisition and performance
- Determine typical growth patterns
->> Deviation from normal trajectory may be first indicator of problems- physical, psychological,
etc.
- Determine constraints on motor development and performance
One reason, is because our physical size changes motor skill acquisition and performance.
We also need this information to determine typical growth patterns. Without knowledge of
typical growth, we may not be able to identify what is uncommon or common. We also use this
information to determine constraints on motor development and performance.
Module 5
Development and Aging of Body Systems
Body Systems - Answer •Skeletal - an individual's "structure"
•Muscular - allows an individual's movement
•Adipose - energy storage, insulation, and protection (i.e., fat)
•Endocrine - exerts control over certain cellular functions using hormones
•Nervous - controls movement, cognition, and speech
,At the ossification centers, bone is deposited at these cartilage model sites to form the
organism's eventual skeletal structure. - Answer •The embryo has a cartilage model of the
skeleton
•Initially, structure is maintained via cartilage
•Ossification centers - cartilage model sites where bone is deposited
Skeletal System (Early Development)
Ossification begins at the primary ossification centers at 2 months gestational age.
A primary ossification center is the area in the midportion of the shafts of long bones, where
bone cells are initially formed.
Ossification begins starting with the cartilage model bones of the fetal skeleton, from the center
outward.
By the infant's birth, shafts of long bones are completely ossified, although not all parts of the
skeletal structure are ossified. - Answer •At 2 months gestational age, ossification begins at
primary centers in the midportions of long bones
•Primary Ossification Center - area in the midportion of the shafts of long bones where bone
cells are formed
•Cartilage-model bones of the fetal skeleton begin ossifying, from the center outward, to form
bone shafts
Following primary growth, secondary bone growth occurs in the secondary ossification centers.
Typically, these sites are at the end of bones and lead to an increase in the bone's length.
These ossification centers are called epiphyseal plates, growth plates, or pressure epiphyses -
Answer •Secondary Ossification Centers - sites where bone growth occurs following primary
, Skeletal System (Growth Cessation)
Growth at the epiphyseal plates stops at different times for different bones and different
populations of people.
For example, epiphyseal plate closure occurs by age 15 for females and 18 for males.
Appropriate levels of exercise encourage normal epiphyseal plate closure growth, while under
and over exertion can lead to abnormal development. - Answer •Growth at the epiphyseal
plates stops at different times for different bones
•Closure occurs at different rates for different populations
•All bones are typically closed by age 15 for females and age 18 for males
•Level of exercise à normal epiphyseal plate closure growth.
•Appositional growth - increase in bone girth - Answer
Hand and Wrist X Rays to Assess Skeletal Growth - Answer Here are hand and wrist X-RAYS of
children at different ages, which show different skeletal growth. The graph on the left shows
how males and females might look from 3-4 years, and the graph on the right demonstrates
how males and females typically are from 10.5-13 years.
You can see the bones are longer and larger in the older children.
You can also see more space in between bones and that the epiphyseal plates are less closed in
younger children.
Now let's compare a normal wrist X-ray to an atypical wrist X-ray of a trident hand. - Answer
Trident hand is a hand in which the fingers are of nearly equal length and deflected at the first
interphalangeal joint, giving a "trident" or fork-like appearance to the hand. This structural
characteristic is common in people with the physical growth disorder, achondroplasia. In the X-
rays, you can see the typical hand has longer and larger bones, than the trident hand. The
epiphysis is more angular and irregularly shaped, than the typical hand.
Questions with All Solved Solutions
2025-2026 Updated.
MODULE 4 Physical Growth, Maturation & Aging - Answer
Why is the study of physical growth important to us? - Answer -Physical size changes motor
skill acquisition and performance
- Determine typical growth patterns
->> Deviation from normal trajectory may be first indicator of problems- physical, psychological,
etc.
- Determine constraints on motor development and performance
One reason, is because our physical size changes motor skill acquisition and performance.
We also need this information to determine typical growth patterns. Without knowledge of
typical growth, we may not be able to identify what is uncommon or common. We also use this
information to determine constraints on motor development and performance.
Module 5
Development and Aging of Body Systems
Body Systems - Answer •Skeletal - an individual's "structure"
•Muscular - allows an individual's movement
•Adipose - energy storage, insulation, and protection (i.e., fat)
•Endocrine - exerts control over certain cellular functions using hormones
•Nervous - controls movement, cognition, and speech
,At the ossification centers, bone is deposited at these cartilage model sites to form the
organism's eventual skeletal structure. - Answer •The embryo has a cartilage model of the
skeleton
•Initially, structure is maintained via cartilage
•Ossification centers - cartilage model sites where bone is deposited
Skeletal System (Early Development)
Ossification begins at the primary ossification centers at 2 months gestational age.
A primary ossification center is the area in the midportion of the shafts of long bones, where
bone cells are initially formed.
Ossification begins starting with the cartilage model bones of the fetal skeleton, from the center
outward.
By the infant's birth, shafts of long bones are completely ossified, although not all parts of the
skeletal structure are ossified. - Answer •At 2 months gestational age, ossification begins at
primary centers in the midportions of long bones
•Primary Ossification Center - area in the midportion of the shafts of long bones where bone
cells are formed
•Cartilage-model bones of the fetal skeleton begin ossifying, from the center outward, to form
bone shafts
Following primary growth, secondary bone growth occurs in the secondary ossification centers.
Typically, these sites are at the end of bones and lead to an increase in the bone's length.
These ossification centers are called epiphyseal plates, growth plates, or pressure epiphyses -
Answer •Secondary Ossification Centers - sites where bone growth occurs following primary
, Skeletal System (Growth Cessation)
Growth at the epiphyseal plates stops at different times for different bones and different
populations of people.
For example, epiphyseal plate closure occurs by age 15 for females and 18 for males.
Appropriate levels of exercise encourage normal epiphyseal plate closure growth, while under
and over exertion can lead to abnormal development. - Answer •Growth at the epiphyseal
plates stops at different times for different bones
•Closure occurs at different rates for different populations
•All bones are typically closed by age 15 for females and age 18 for males
•Level of exercise à normal epiphyseal plate closure growth.
•Appositional growth - increase in bone girth - Answer
Hand and Wrist X Rays to Assess Skeletal Growth - Answer Here are hand and wrist X-RAYS of
children at different ages, which show different skeletal growth. The graph on the left shows
how males and females might look from 3-4 years, and the graph on the right demonstrates
how males and females typically are from 10.5-13 years.
You can see the bones are longer and larger in the older children.
You can also see more space in between bones and that the epiphyseal plates are less closed in
younger children.
Now let's compare a normal wrist X-ray to an atypical wrist X-ray of a trident hand. - Answer
Trident hand is a hand in which the fingers are of nearly equal length and deflected at the first
interphalangeal joint, giving a "trident" or fork-like appearance to the hand. This structural
characteristic is common in people with the physical growth disorder, achondroplasia. In the X-
rays, you can see the typical hand has longer and larger bones, than the trident hand. The
epiphysis is more angular and irregularly shaped, than the typical hand.
