, Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials
for Fire-Safe Polymers
This book provides an overview of the latest scientific developments and
technological advances in two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials for fire-safe
polymers. It summarizes the preparation methods for diverse types of 2D
nanomaterials and their polymer composites and reviews their flame-retardant
properties, toxic gas and smoke emission during combustion, and inhibition
strategies.
• Covers fundamental aspects like influence of size and dispersionof 2D
nanomaterials to help readers develop efficient, multi-functional, and eco-
friendly fire-safe polymer composites for a wide range of applications
• Discusses new-emerging 2D nanomaterials for fire-safe polymer applica
tions, including MXenes, graphitic carbon nitride, boron nitride, and black
phosphorus
• Introduces basic modes of flame retardant action of 2D nanomaterials,
including smoke and toxic gas suppression, and the role of 2D nanoma
terials in promoting char formation
This book is suitable for both scholars and engineers in the fields of polymer science
and engineering. It is also aimed at graduate students in chemistry, materials, and
safety science and engineering.
,Emerging Materials and Technologies
Series Editor: Boris I. Kharissov
The Emerging Materials and Technologies series is devoted to highlighting pub
lications centered on emerging advanced materials and novel technologies.
Attention is paid to those newly discovered or applied materials with potential to
solve pressing societal problems and improve quality of life, corresponding to
environmental protection, medicine, communications, energy, transportation,
advanced manufacturing, and related areas.
The series takes into account that, under present strong demands for energy,
material, and cost savings, as well as heavy contamination problems and worldwide
pandemic conditions, the area of emerging materials and related scalable technol
ogies is a highly interdisciplinary field, with the need for researchers, professionals,
and academics across the spectrum of engineering and technological disciplines.
The main objective of this book series is to attract more attention to these materials
and technologies and invite conversation among the international R&D community.
Smart Nanomaterials
Imalka Munaweera and M. L. Chamalki Madhusha
Nanocosmetics: Drug Delivery Approaches, Applications and Regulatory Aspects
Edited by Prashant Kesharwani and Sunil Kumar Dubey
Sustainability of Green and Eco-friendly Composites
Edited by Sumit Gupta, Vijay Chaudhary, and Pallav Gupta
Assessment of Polymeric Materials for Biomedical Applications
Edited by Vijay Chaudhary, Sumit Gupta, Pallav Gupta, and Partha Pratim Das
Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications
Edited by Piyush Kumar Sonkar and Vellaichamy Ganesan
Materials Science to Combat COVID-19
Edited by Neeraj Dwivedi and Avanish Kumar Srivastava
Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Fire-Safe Polymers
Yuan Hu and Xin Wang
For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/Emerging-
Materials-and-Technologies/book-series/CRCEMT
, Two-Dimensional
Nanomaterials for Fire-Safe
Polymers
Edited by
Yuan Hu
Xin Wang
,First edition published 2024
by CRC Press
2385 NW Executive Center Drive, Suite 320, Boca Raton FL 33431
and by CRC Press
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
© 2024 selection and editorial matter, Yuan Hu and Xin Wang; individual chapters, the
contributors
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author
and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the
consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright
holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if
permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not
been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted,
reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other
means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and
recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from
the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www.
copyright.com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive,
Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. For works that are not available on CCC please contact
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks
and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
ISBN: 978-1-032-35268-8 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-35502-3 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-32715-8 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003327158
Typeset in Times
by MPS Limited, Dehradun
,Contents
Preface......................................................................................................................vii
Editors .......................................................................................................................ix
Contributors ..............................................................................................................xi
Chapter 1 Introduction to 2D Nanomaterials for Fire Safety of Polymers........1
Fukai Chu, Xin Wang, and Yuan Hu
Chapter 2 Influence of the Size and Dispersion State of Two-Dimensional
Nanomaterials on the Fire Safety of Polymers ................................ 23
Bernhard Schartel
Chapter 3 Synthesis and Characterization of Flame Retardant
Polymer/Clay Nanocomposites .........................................................59
Mariya Mathew, Karen Ter-Zakaryan, Sabu Thomas,
Hiran Mayookh Lal, and Arya Uthaman
Chapter 4 Application of Layered Double Hydroxides in
Fire-Safe Polymers ............................................................................81
Ehsan Naderi Kalali and Marjan Entezar Shabestari
Chapter 5 Polymer/MXene Composites with Enhanced Fire-Safe
Characteristics.................................................................................. 125
Wen-Wen Guo
Chapter 6 Graphene(oxide) and Its Hybrid Materials for
Fire-Safe Polymers .......................................................................... 155
Xiaming Feng and Hongyu Yang
Chapter 7 Two-Dimensional Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Reducing
Fire Hazards of Polymer Composites.............................................185
Bin Yu, Hong-Liang Ding, Miao Liu, and Yong-Qian Shi
Chapter 8 Layered Boron Nitride Derived Flame Retardants for
Fire-Safe Polymeric Materials ........................................................219
Bin Fei, Yuchun Li, and Yang Ming
v
,vi Contents
Chapter 9 Molybdenum Disulphide/Polymer Composites for Fire
Safety Applications ........................................................................235
Anthony Chun Yin Yuen, Wei Wang, and Ao Li Chapter 10
Black Phosphorus and Its Derivatives as a Novel Class of
Flame Retardants for Fire-Safe Polymers ......................................263
Wei Cai, Zhaoxin Li, and Yuan Hu
Chapter 11 Layer-by-Layer Assembly of 2D Nanomaterials into
Flame-Retardant Coatings for Fire-Safe Polymers ........................291
Giulio Malucelli
Chapter 12 Challenges and Perspectives of Two-Dimensional
Nanomaterials for Fire-Safe Polymers ...........................................319
Yu-Ting Yang and Xin Wang
Index......................................................................................................................333
,Preface
With the increasing awareness of safety development, flame-retardant polymers
have entered a new era of fire-safe polymers. Compared to conventional flame-
retardant polymers, fire-safe polymers not only focus on the difficulty of ignition
and the low heat release rate but also emphasize smoke and toxic gas suppression.
Over the past few decades, two-dimensional nanomaterials have spawned a
considerable interest in the development of fire-safe polymers.
Although there are a number of classic monographs on flame retardant polymer
nanocomposites, including Flame Retardant Polymer Nanocomposites by Alexander
B. Morgan and Charles A. Wilkie (2010), Thermally Stable and Flame Retardant
Polymer Nanocomposites by Vikas Mittal (2011), and Halogen-Free Flame-Retardant
Polymers: Next-generation Fillers for Polymer Nanocomposite Applications by
Suprakas Sinha Ray and Malkappa Kuruma (2020), some newly emerging two-
dimensional nanomaterials, including MXenes, graphitic carbon nitride, boron nitride
and black phosphorus, for fire-safe polymers have not been covered. It is thereby
imperative to introduce these latest scientific developments and technological
advances to readers in this field.
This book aims to provide an overview of the latest scientific developments and
technological advances in two-dimensional nanomaterials for fire-safe polymers. It
summarizes the preparation methods for diverse types of two-dimensional
nanomaterials and their polymer composites and specifically reviews their flame-
retardant properties, toxic gas and smoke emissions during combustion, and
inhibition strategies. In turn, the book discusses the application of clay, layered
double hydroxides, MXenes, graphene, layered zirconium phosphate, graphitic
carbon nitride, boron nitride, molybdenum disulfide, and black phosphorus in flame
inhibition and addresses the flame-retardant properties of various two-dimensional
nanomaterials containing polymers and their flame-retardant and smoke suppression
mechanisms in detail. It also systematically covers the synergetic effects between
two-dimensional nanomaterials and traditional flame-retardant compounds and
explains the important role of two-dimensional nanomaterials in balancing the
flame-retardant property and other behaviors (thermal stability, mechanical
strength, glass transition temperature, etc.).
The fundamentals (Chapter 2) are also included to understand the flame-retardant
properties of various two-dimensional nanomaterials and their polymer composites,
and to develop efficient, multi-functional, eco-friendly fire-safe polymer composites
for a wide range of applications. We hope that this book will be ideally suited for
both scholars and engineers in the fields of polymer science and engineering, and
for graduate students in chemistry, materials, and safety science and engineering.
We should express great acknowledgment to all those who helped make this book
possible, especially the chapter contributors who have spent their valuable time to
vii
,viii Preface
share their knowledge with readers. We would also like to thank the reviewers who
have taken time out of their busy lives to review each chapter. Finally, we would
like to express my gratitude to those at Taylor & Francis for their professional
organizing and editing work.
Yuan Hu
Xin Wang
, Editors
Yuan Hu, PhD, is the Director of the Institute of Fire-Safe Materials, University of
Science and Technology of China (USTC). He earned a PhD at USTC in 1997.
Prof. Hu has performed research on fire-safe materials for more than 30 years. His
main research areas include polymer/inorganic compound nanocomposites, new
flame retardants and their flame-retardant polymers, synthesis and properties of
inorganic nanomaterials, combustion and decomposition mechanism of polymers.
Prof. Hu has published more than 600 SCI papers (citations 30,000, H index = 98)
in research areas covering the range of fire safety of polymer materials and has
obtained over 70 invention patents. He was also awarded the Second Prize of the
National Natural Science Award by the Chinese Government (2017).
Xin Wang, PhD, is an Associate Professor at the University of Science and
Technology of China (USTC). He earned a PhD in safety science and engineering at
USTC in 2013. His research interests focus on the synthesis and application of bio-
based flame retardants and the preparation of layered nanomaterials and their use in
fire-safe polymer composites. He has authored or co-authored more than 180 SCI-
indexed papers in peer-reviewed international journals, 6 book chapters, and 2
monographs in this field. He was also awarded the Second Prize of the National
Natural Science Award by the Chinese Government (2017).
ix
for Fire-Safe Polymers
This book provides an overview of the latest scientific developments and
technological advances in two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials for fire-safe
polymers. It summarizes the preparation methods for diverse types of 2D
nanomaterials and their polymer composites and reviews their flame-retardant
properties, toxic gas and smoke emission during combustion, and inhibition
strategies.
• Covers fundamental aspects like influence of size and dispersionof 2D
nanomaterials to help readers develop efficient, multi-functional, and eco-
friendly fire-safe polymer composites for a wide range of applications
• Discusses new-emerging 2D nanomaterials for fire-safe polymer applica
tions, including MXenes, graphitic carbon nitride, boron nitride, and black
phosphorus
• Introduces basic modes of flame retardant action of 2D nanomaterials,
including smoke and toxic gas suppression, and the role of 2D nanoma
terials in promoting char formation
This book is suitable for both scholars and engineers in the fields of polymer science
and engineering. It is also aimed at graduate students in chemistry, materials, and
safety science and engineering.
,Emerging Materials and Technologies
Series Editor: Boris I. Kharissov
The Emerging Materials and Technologies series is devoted to highlighting pub
lications centered on emerging advanced materials and novel technologies.
Attention is paid to those newly discovered or applied materials with potential to
solve pressing societal problems and improve quality of life, corresponding to
environmental protection, medicine, communications, energy, transportation,
advanced manufacturing, and related areas.
The series takes into account that, under present strong demands for energy,
material, and cost savings, as well as heavy contamination problems and worldwide
pandemic conditions, the area of emerging materials and related scalable technol
ogies is a highly interdisciplinary field, with the need for researchers, professionals,
and academics across the spectrum of engineering and technological disciplines.
The main objective of this book series is to attract more attention to these materials
and technologies and invite conversation among the international R&D community.
Smart Nanomaterials
Imalka Munaweera and M. L. Chamalki Madhusha
Nanocosmetics: Drug Delivery Approaches, Applications and Regulatory Aspects
Edited by Prashant Kesharwani and Sunil Kumar Dubey
Sustainability of Green and Eco-friendly Composites
Edited by Sumit Gupta, Vijay Chaudhary, and Pallav Gupta
Assessment of Polymeric Materials for Biomedical Applications
Edited by Vijay Chaudhary, Sumit Gupta, Pallav Gupta, and Partha Pratim Das
Nanomaterials for Sustainable Energy Applications
Edited by Piyush Kumar Sonkar and Vellaichamy Ganesan
Materials Science to Combat COVID-19
Edited by Neeraj Dwivedi and Avanish Kumar Srivastava
Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials for Fire-Safe Polymers
Yuan Hu and Xin Wang
For more information about this series, please visit: www.routledge.com/Emerging-
Materials-and-Technologies/book-series/CRCEMT
, Two-Dimensional
Nanomaterials for Fire-Safe
Polymers
Edited by
Yuan Hu
Xin Wang
,First edition published 2024
by CRC Press
2385 NW Executive Center Drive, Suite 320, Boca Raton FL 33431
and by CRC Press
4 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
© 2024 selection and editorial matter, Yuan Hu and Xin Wang; individual chapters, the
contributors
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author
and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the
consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright
holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if
permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not
been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted,
reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other
means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and
recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from
the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, access www.
copyright.com or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive,
Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. For works that are not available on CCC please contact
Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks
and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe.
ISBN: 978-1-032-35268-8 (hbk)
ISBN: 978-1-032-35502-3 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-32715-8 (ebk)
DOI: 10.1201/9781003327158
Typeset in Times
by MPS Limited, Dehradun
,Contents
Preface......................................................................................................................vii
Editors .......................................................................................................................ix
Contributors ..............................................................................................................xi
Chapter 1 Introduction to 2D Nanomaterials for Fire Safety of Polymers........1
Fukai Chu, Xin Wang, and Yuan Hu
Chapter 2 Influence of the Size and Dispersion State of Two-Dimensional
Nanomaterials on the Fire Safety of Polymers ................................ 23
Bernhard Schartel
Chapter 3 Synthesis and Characterization of Flame Retardant
Polymer/Clay Nanocomposites .........................................................59
Mariya Mathew, Karen Ter-Zakaryan, Sabu Thomas,
Hiran Mayookh Lal, and Arya Uthaman
Chapter 4 Application of Layered Double Hydroxides in
Fire-Safe Polymers ............................................................................81
Ehsan Naderi Kalali and Marjan Entezar Shabestari
Chapter 5 Polymer/MXene Composites with Enhanced Fire-Safe
Characteristics.................................................................................. 125
Wen-Wen Guo
Chapter 6 Graphene(oxide) and Its Hybrid Materials for
Fire-Safe Polymers .......................................................................... 155
Xiaming Feng and Hongyu Yang
Chapter 7 Two-Dimensional Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Reducing
Fire Hazards of Polymer Composites.............................................185
Bin Yu, Hong-Liang Ding, Miao Liu, and Yong-Qian Shi
Chapter 8 Layered Boron Nitride Derived Flame Retardants for
Fire-Safe Polymeric Materials ........................................................219
Bin Fei, Yuchun Li, and Yang Ming
v
,vi Contents
Chapter 9 Molybdenum Disulphide/Polymer Composites for Fire
Safety Applications ........................................................................235
Anthony Chun Yin Yuen, Wei Wang, and Ao Li Chapter 10
Black Phosphorus and Its Derivatives as a Novel Class of
Flame Retardants for Fire-Safe Polymers ......................................263
Wei Cai, Zhaoxin Li, and Yuan Hu
Chapter 11 Layer-by-Layer Assembly of 2D Nanomaterials into
Flame-Retardant Coatings for Fire-Safe Polymers ........................291
Giulio Malucelli
Chapter 12 Challenges and Perspectives of Two-Dimensional
Nanomaterials for Fire-Safe Polymers ...........................................319
Yu-Ting Yang and Xin Wang
Index......................................................................................................................333
,Preface
With the increasing awareness of safety development, flame-retardant polymers
have entered a new era of fire-safe polymers. Compared to conventional flame-
retardant polymers, fire-safe polymers not only focus on the difficulty of ignition
and the low heat release rate but also emphasize smoke and toxic gas suppression.
Over the past few decades, two-dimensional nanomaterials have spawned a
considerable interest in the development of fire-safe polymers.
Although there are a number of classic monographs on flame retardant polymer
nanocomposites, including Flame Retardant Polymer Nanocomposites by Alexander
B. Morgan and Charles A. Wilkie (2010), Thermally Stable and Flame Retardant
Polymer Nanocomposites by Vikas Mittal (2011), and Halogen-Free Flame-Retardant
Polymers: Next-generation Fillers for Polymer Nanocomposite Applications by
Suprakas Sinha Ray and Malkappa Kuruma (2020), some newly emerging two-
dimensional nanomaterials, including MXenes, graphitic carbon nitride, boron nitride
and black phosphorus, for fire-safe polymers have not been covered. It is thereby
imperative to introduce these latest scientific developments and technological
advances to readers in this field.
This book aims to provide an overview of the latest scientific developments and
technological advances in two-dimensional nanomaterials for fire-safe polymers. It
summarizes the preparation methods for diverse types of two-dimensional
nanomaterials and their polymer composites and specifically reviews their flame-
retardant properties, toxic gas and smoke emissions during combustion, and
inhibition strategies. In turn, the book discusses the application of clay, layered
double hydroxides, MXenes, graphene, layered zirconium phosphate, graphitic
carbon nitride, boron nitride, molybdenum disulfide, and black phosphorus in flame
inhibition and addresses the flame-retardant properties of various two-dimensional
nanomaterials containing polymers and their flame-retardant and smoke suppression
mechanisms in detail. It also systematically covers the synergetic effects between
two-dimensional nanomaterials and traditional flame-retardant compounds and
explains the important role of two-dimensional nanomaterials in balancing the
flame-retardant property and other behaviors (thermal stability, mechanical
strength, glass transition temperature, etc.).
The fundamentals (Chapter 2) are also included to understand the flame-retardant
properties of various two-dimensional nanomaterials and their polymer composites,
and to develop efficient, multi-functional, eco-friendly fire-safe polymer composites
for a wide range of applications. We hope that this book will be ideally suited for
both scholars and engineers in the fields of polymer science and engineering, and
for graduate students in chemistry, materials, and safety science and engineering.
We should express great acknowledgment to all those who helped make this book
possible, especially the chapter contributors who have spent their valuable time to
vii
,viii Preface
share their knowledge with readers. We would also like to thank the reviewers who
have taken time out of their busy lives to review each chapter. Finally, we would
like to express my gratitude to those at Taylor & Francis for their professional
organizing and editing work.
Yuan Hu
Xin Wang
, Editors
Yuan Hu, PhD, is the Director of the Institute of Fire-Safe Materials, University of
Science and Technology of China (USTC). He earned a PhD at USTC in 1997.
Prof. Hu has performed research on fire-safe materials for more than 30 years. His
main research areas include polymer/inorganic compound nanocomposites, new
flame retardants and their flame-retardant polymers, synthesis and properties of
inorganic nanomaterials, combustion and decomposition mechanism of polymers.
Prof. Hu has published more than 600 SCI papers (citations 30,000, H index = 98)
in research areas covering the range of fire safety of polymer materials and has
obtained over 70 invention patents. He was also awarded the Second Prize of the
National Natural Science Award by the Chinese Government (2017).
Xin Wang, PhD, is an Associate Professor at the University of Science and
Technology of China (USTC). He earned a PhD in safety science and engineering at
USTC in 2013. His research interests focus on the synthesis and application of bio-
based flame retardants and the preparation of layered nanomaterials and their use in
fire-safe polymer composites. He has authored or co-authored more than 180 SCI-
indexed papers in peer-reviewed international journals, 6 book chapters, and 2
monographs in this field. He was also awarded the Second Prize of the National
Natural Science Award by the Chinese Government (2017).
ix
